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chemical bonding - Coggle Diagram

- - - - E.g. water.
    - - E.g. polymers such as polyester and silk.
    - - E.g. diamond.
    - - 1 shared pair of electrons between 2 non-metal atoms
    - - 2 shared pairs of electrons between 2 non-metal atoms.
    - - 3 shared pairs of electrons between 2 non-metal atoms.
    - - There are many ways of representing covalent bonds in a molecule. 4 ways of representing ammonia are shown below:
      - Dot-and-cross without shells
        
        Dots represent the outer shell electrons of atoms of 1 element.
        
        Crosses represent the outer shell electrons of atoms of the other element.
      - Lines
        
        The atomic symbol represents the atom.
        
        Lines between the atoms represent a covalent bond.
      - Ball-and-stick
        
        Balls represent atoms.
        
        Sticks represent bonds between the atoms.
        
        A limitation of this method is that atoms are much closer together than the diagram shows.
      - Dot-and-cross with shells
        
        Dots represent the outer shell electrons of atoms of 1 element.
        
        Crosses represent the outer shell electrons of atoms of the other element.
        
        A limitation of this method is that it shows electrons differently for each atom, when they are actually exactly the same.
  - - - Metals are made of giant structures of regularly arranged atoms.
      - The structure is a regular lattice of positive ions (cations) in a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.
    - - Delocalised electrons are not bound to an atom and are free to move around within the lattice.
      - Delocalisation happens because metal atoms have a small number of electrons in their outer shells.
- - - - Single elements (e.g. F-).
      - A group of elements with an overall charge (e.g. SO42-).