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Populations & Ecosystems (structure of populations 9781284096040_CH25…

- - - - 2 types of habitat components
        
        abiotic nonliving & are physical phenomena: climate, soil, fires, floods, etc
        
        climate
        
        tolerance range between the low & high extremes
        
        soil factors
        
        pioneers first plants that invade a new soil
        
        A horizon uppermost layer of horizon soil
        
        consists of litter & debris & it nutrients get washed to the next layer
        
        B horizon second layer of horizon soil
        
        materials from A horizon accumulate & is rich in nutrients
        
        C horizon third layer of horizon soil
        
        composed mostly of parent rock & rock fragments
        
        latitude & altitude
        
        higher latitude to S or N summer days become longer
        
        this affects the way sunlight hits the plants
        
        high altitude have high winds & poor soil
        
        mostly cold & a short growing season
        
        disturbance
        
        floods, fires, landslides alter soil
        
        there is little to no impact on other abiotic factors: climate, latitude, or altitude
        
        biotic living factors: the plant itself, other plants, animals, fungi, etc
        
        the plant itself
        
        just being in the habitat modifies the habitat
        
        it could be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the success of the species in its own habitat
        
        other plant species
        
        mutualism interaction is beneficial for both organisms
        
        competition interaction is disadvantageous
        
        competitive exclusion whichever species is less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors
        
        niche species adapted to a particular set of conditions
        
        ecotypes before various subpopulations could be called species they would be considered this
        
        transplant experiments plants from each site are transplanted to the alternate site
        
        common garden plants from both sites may be grown together at an intermediate site
        
        organisms other than plants
        
        frugivores seed dispersal by fruit-eating animals
        
        benefits both species as long as the animal does not eat the seeds & digest the embryos
        
        commensal relationships one species benefits & the other is unaffected
        
        predation relationship in which one species benefits & the other is harmed
        
        herbivores animals that eat plants
        
        pathogenic interrelationships bwtn plants & fungi/bacteria are harmful to plants
- - - - uniformed distribution types that occur in orchards & tree plantations; all individuals evenly spaced
  - - - generation time length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
      - intrinsic rate of natural increase/biotic potential the # of offspring produced by an individual that actually live long enough to reproduce
- - - - primary consumers herbivores & omnivores
        
        secondary consumers carnivores & omnivores
        
        decomposers fungi & bacteria break down the remains of all types of organisms