Jose P. Rizal
Chapter 21. Second Homecoming and the La Liga Filipina
Arrival in Manila with his Sister Lucia on June 26, 1892.
He boarded a train in Tutuban Station and went to visit his friends in Centtal Luzon
JPR visited the Spanish Governor General Eulogio Despujol
pardoned his father and sister's exile
opposed his idea of colonization in Borneo
on July 1, 1892, Rizal attended a meeting of patriots at the home of Doroteo Ongjunco on Ylaya St., Tondo, Manila
Pedro Serrano Laktaw - Panday Pira
Domingo Franco - Felipe Leal
Jose Ramos - Socorro
Ambrosio Salvador (Presidet)
Bonifacio Arevalo - Harem (Treasurer)
Deodato Arellano (Secretary)
Ambrosio Flores -Musa
Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal)
Moises Salvador - Araw
Luis Villareal
Faustino Villaruel - Ilaw
Mariano Crisostomo
Numeriano Adriano - Ipil
Estanislao Legaspi
Teodoro Plata
Andres Bonifacio
Apolinario Mabini - Katabay
Juan Zulueta
Constitution
unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogeneous body
mutual protection in every want and necessity
defense against all violence and injustice
Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce
study and application of reforms
Motto: Unus Instar Omnius (ONE LIKE ALL)
Duties
Obey the orders of the supreme council
Help in recruiting new members
Keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga authorities
Have a symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of the council
report to the fiscal anything he may hear which affects the Liga
behave well as befits a good Filipino
help fellow members in all ways
Rizal was arrested and jailed in Fort Santiago on Wednesday, July 6, 1892. there were some printed leaflets allegedly found in Lucia's pillowcases
incriminatory leaflets under Fr. Jacinto's authorship and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila
titled Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) - a satire against the Dominican Friars who amassed fabulous riches contrary to their monastic vow of poverty
Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan
July 7, 1892,
the Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal's arrest
decree deporting Rizal to one of the islands in the south
Reasons for deportation
published books and articles showing disloyalty to Spain, anti-Catholic and anti-friar
handbills of Pobres Frailes found upon his arrival
the novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated to 3 traitors(GomBurZa)
to tear the holy Catholic faith from the loyal Filipino
On July 15, 1892, he was brought under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan
Chapter 23. Last Trip Abroad
From Dapitan to Manila
on July 31, 1896, The Espana, with Rizal and party on board,
sailed northward. They arrived at Dumaguete the next day where he visited Herrero Regidor and other friends
the Espana reached Cebu the following morning
August 3, 1896, they left Cebu to go to Iloilo where he visited the Molo Church
From Iloilo, the ship sailed to Capiz then processed towards Manila via Romblon
Rizal misses ship going to Spain
upon arrival on Manila Bay in August 6, 1896. Rizal was not able to board the mail ship Isla de Luzon going to Spain because it departed the previous day at 5 pm
on the same day, he was transferred to a Spanish cruiser Castilla and was given a good accommodation. he stayed there for about a month as he await the availability of a Spain-bound steamer
Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
on August 19, 1896, the Katipunan's plan to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil. this incident struck terror to the hearts of Spaniards
August 26, 1896 - Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros raised the Cry of Balintawak
August 30, the revolutionists led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan but was repulsed by heavy forces. afterwards, the Gov. Gen Balnco issued a state of war in the Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija nad Tarlac
Rizal's reason for being worried
- the violent revolution was premature and would only cause suffering and terrible loss of human lives and property
it would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots
on August 30, 1896, the same day the state of war was declared, Rizal received 2 letters that absolved him from all blame for the raging revolution from Gov. Gen. Balnco
Sept 2. 1896 - he wrote to his mother informing of his condition. at 6 pm. he was transferred to the steamer Isla de Parray sailing for Barcelona. the next morning, the steamer left Manila Bay.
Rizal in Singapore
he arrived on September 7, 1896 and against the good wishes of Don Pedro to stay at Singapore, Rizal honored his word to Gov. Gen. Blanco
Victim of Spanish Duplicity
Rizal was unaware that since his departure in Manila, Gov. Gen. Blanco is plotting for his arrest upon reaching Barcelona and that he was a deportee and was being secretly kept under surveillance
Rizal was Arrested Before Reaching Barcelona
On Sept 27, he heard from the passengers of the execution of Francisco Roxas, Genato and Osorio
Sept. 28, 1896, Rizal received the bad news that he would be arrested by the order of Gov. Gen. Balnco and will be sent to prison in Ceuta.
on Sept. 30 at 4 pm, he was officially notified by Capt. Alemany that he should stay in his cabin where Rizal graciously complied.
Arrival in Barcelona as a Prisoner
on Oct. 3, 1896 at 10 am the steamer arrived in Barcelona. his jailor is General Despujol who ordered his banishmnet to Dapitan
On Oct. 6, 1896, at 3 am, he was awakened by the guardsand
Chapter 24. Last Homecoming and Trial
A Martyr's Last Homecoming
Oct. 6, 1896 - Rizal left Barcelona
Oct. 8, 1896 - he received the news about the bloody revolution in the Philippines and were blaming him for it
Confiscation of Rizal's Diary
Oct. 11, 1896, Rizal's diary was confiscated and critically scrutinized by the authorities
Nov. 2, 1896 - no incriminating evidence was found and the diary was returned to him
Unsuccessful Rescue in Singapore
Rizal was unawre of the attempt made by his friends to rescue him in Singapore because he was kept behind bars in the ship.
Arrival in Manila
Nov. 3, 1896 - The Colon reached Manila. Rizal was greeted by the Spaniards. he was quietly transferred under heavy guard from the ship to Fort Santiago
Many Filipino patriots experienced brutal torture to implicate Rizal. Even his brother, Paciano was arrested and cruelly tortured. Even so, his valiant spirit remained unbroken and he never signed any damaging statement incriminating his brother.
Preliminary Investigation
Nov. 29, 1896 - Rizal was subjected to a grueling 5 day investigation. he was informed of his charges, questioned by the Judge Advocate but he was not permitted ti confront those who testified against him.
2 kinds of evidence against Rizal
Documentary Evidence consisted of 15 exhibits
- Letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce - Rizal's conection to the Filipino REform in Spain
- Letter of Rizal to his family stating that deportations are good for encouraging people who hate tyranny
- a letter from del Pilar to Deodato Arellano implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Spain
- Poem entitled Kundiman
- letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression
- Masonic document honoring Rizal for his patriotic services
- letter signed by Rizal to Zulueta stating his preparation for safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities
- Letter of Dimasalng to an unidentified committee soliciting the aid of committee in the patriotic work
- letter to the editor of Hongkong Telegraph censuring the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan
- letter of Idelfonso Laurel to Rizal saying that Filipino people should look up to Rizal as their savior
- letter of Idelfonso laurel to Rizal informing of unidentified correspondent of the arrest and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador
- letter of del Pilar to Don Juan recommending the establishment of a special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of Filipino people
- Transcript of speech of Jacinto in reunion of the Katipunan in which the following cry was uttered Long live the Philippines! Long Live Liberty! Long Live Doctor Rizal! Unity!
- transcript of speech of Turiano ehere in the katipuneros shouted Long Live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death to the oppressor nation!
- A poem of Rizal entitled Talisay in which the author makes the Dapitan schoolboys sing that they know how to fight for their rights
Testimonial Evidences consisted of oral testimonies
Martin Constantino
Aguedo del Rosario
Jose Dizon
Jose Reyes
Deodato Arellano
Moises Salvador
Domingo Franco
Francisco Quison
Antonio Salazar
Timoteo Perez
Dr. Pio Valenzuela
Pedro Serrano Laktaw
Ambrosio Salvador
Recommendations of Pena
- the accused must be immediately brought to trial
- he should be kept in prison
- an order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount of 1 million pesos as indemnity
- he should be defended in court by an army officer , not a civilian officer
Rizal Chooses his Defender
Rizal chose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade as his name is familiar to him
Reading of Information of Charges to the Accused
Dec. 11, 1896 – the information of charges was formally read to Rizal in his prison cell with his counsel present
Accusations:
The principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection
Founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to propagating ideas of rebellion
Rizal’s Plead:
Not guilty to the crime of rebellion
He admitted that he wrote the Constitution of La Liga
He waived the right to amend or make further statements already made, except that he had taken no part in politics since his exile in Dapitan
December 11, 1896 – Dominguez forwarded the papers of Rizal case to Malacanan Palace. - General Camilo G. de Polavieja became the new Gov. Gen.
Rizal’s Manifesto to his People
December 15, 1896 – Rizal wrote a manifesto appealing for Filipinos to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and liberty
His manifesto was suppressed and was not issued to the people to save him from the shame of being misinterpreted and disobeyed by the Filipinos in arms.
Rizal’s Saddest Christmas
December 25, 1896 - it was a dark and cheerless Christmas for Rizal for he found himself alone and depressed in a dreary prison cell. He was in despair for he had no illusions about his fate.
The Trial of Rizal
Was an eloquent proof of Spanish injustice and misrule.
Rizal was a civilian yet he was tried in a military court composed of alien military forces
His case was prejudged as he was considered guilty before the actual trial
The court was not to give him justice but rather to accuse and condemn him
The court accepted all charges and testimonies against him but but ignored all arguments and proofs in his favour.
Rizal was not given the right to face the witnesses against him in the open court
December 26, 1896 – the court –martial of Rizal started in the military building called Cuartel de Espana
Members of the Court
o Lt. Col, jose Togores Arjona (President)
o Capt. Ricardo Munoz Arias
o Capt. Manuel Reguera
o Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio
o Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nunez
o Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano
o CApt. Fermin Perez Rodriguez
Appealant
Dr. Jose Rizal (Accused)
Lt. Taviel de Andrade (Defense Counsel)
Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge Advocate)
Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting Attorney)
Spectators
Rizal’s Supplementary defense:
He is not guilty of rebellion
He did not correspond with the revolutionaries
They used his name without his knowledge
If he was a part of it, he would have escaped rather than settle in Dapitan
If he were the chief of revolution, why was he not consulted
La liga was a civic association
La liga died out after the meeting when he was banished to Dapitan
He did not know the reorganization of la Liga nine months later
La liga did not serve the prupose of the revolutionaries
His bitter comments was due to his family being persecuted, dispossession of his family’s properties nad the deportation of his brother and all brother in laws
His life in Dapitan is exemplary
His one speech did not inspire the revolution at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco
On the same day, the court decision was submitted to Gov. Gen. Polavieja and Judge Advocate de la Pena affirmed the death sentence
Polavieja Signs Rizal’s Execution
December 28, 1896 – Polavieja approved the decision and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7 am of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta)
For signing the execution of Rizal, Gov. Gen. Polavieja won the eternal odium of the Filipino people.
Chapter 25. Martyrdom at Bagumbayan
Chapter 22. Exile in Dapitan
Beginning of Exile in Dapitan
as Rizal did not agree in Fr. Pablo Pastells, he lived in the house of the commandant, Capt. Carnicero
Rizal was given ample freedom to go anywhere, reporting once a week
Rizal wrote a poem, A Don Ricardo Carnicero on the occassion of the captain's birthday on August 26, 1892
Rizal Wins Manila Lottery
Sept. 21, 1892, Rizal, together with Capt. Carnicero and Francisco Equilor won the second prize of 20,000 pesos. Rizal's part in the winnings was invested in purchasing agricultural lands, he gave his father 2000 and his friend basa 200 in hongkong
Rizal-Pastells Debate on Religion
Rizal's only vice is buying lottery tickets
Rizal revealed his anti-Catholic ideas which he acquired in Europe and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars
According to Rizal, individual adjustment is a gift from God and everybody should use it like a lantern to show the way and self-esteem saves a man from unworthy acts
inspite of their religious differences, Rizal and Pastells remained good friends. Rizal's Catholicism is that of which inquires and enlightens.
Rizal Challenges a Frenchman to a Duel
Rizal was involved in a quarrel with Juan Lardet due to the logs bough on Rizal's lands
Rizal's encounter with the Friar's Spy
Nov. 1893, a spy with an assumed name of Pablo Mercado secretly visited Rizal to be his courier
it was found out that the man's real name is Florencio Namanan and was hired by the Recollect friars to spy on Rizal's activities and letters
A Physician in Dapitan
Rizal practiced medicine and he gave free medicine as most of the people are poor.
August 1893 - his mother and sister Maria lived with him and he operated his mother's right eye and was successful.
he had many clients from all over the country and even from Hongkong
Rizal was interested in local medicine and in use of medicinal plants
Water System for dapitan
Rizal constructed a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean water to the townspeople with inadequate tools and meager materials.
Community Projects for Dapitan
He spent many months draining marshes to get rid of Malaria
Equip the town with its lighting system of coconut oil lamps
beautification of Dapitan
Rizal as a Teacher
in 1893, he established a school and taught them reading, writing, languages, history, geography, mathematics, industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics without paying tuition.
he wrote a poem entitled hymn to Talisay
Contribution to Science
he built up a rich collection of concology and discovered rare specimens which were named in his honor
Linguistic Studies
Rizal learned bisayan, Sabnum and Malay Languages
Artistic Works in Dapitan
he made several sketches of anything that attracted his attention
he made a statuette of a mother-dog killing the crocodile to avenge her lost puppy
bust of Father Guerrico
a statue of a girl (the Dapitan Girl)
woodcarving of Josephine Bracken
bust of St. Paul
Rizal as Farmer
he introduced modern methods of agriculture he observed in Europe and America
he imported agricultural machinery from Us to adopt modern agricultural methods
his projected agricultural colony did not furnish because of the lack of support from the government
Rizal as businessman
Rizal made a profitable business ventures in fishing, copra and hemp industries
on january 1, 1895 - he constructed the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break the chinese monopoly on business
Rizal;s Inventive Ability
machine for making bricks
My retreat
he wrote a beautiful poem about his serene life in Dapitan at the behest of his mother
He met Josephine Bracken when she went to visit him together with her adoptive father to see Rizal and cure the old man of his blindness
Rizal and the Katipunan
dr. Valenzuela met with Rizal and told him of the Katipunan's plan of which Rizal objected for two reasons
they fell in love and had a child but it died at birth
the people are not ready for a revolution
arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution
Rizal volunteers as military doctor in Cuba
he offered his services as military doctor in Cuba in the middle of the yellow fever epidemic on December 17, 1895
on July 1, 1896, he received a letter from Blanco notifying him of the acceptance of Rizzal's offer
he wrote the song of the traveler as part of his joyous thought of travelling and being free again
Adios, Dapitan
On july 31, 1896, he embarked on a steamer and almost everyone came to send him off
Last few hours of Rizal
at 6 am on Dec. 29, 1896, Capt. RAfael Dominguez read the death sentence to rizal - to be shot at the back by a firing squad at 7 am in Bagumbayan
7 am, Rizal was moved to the prison chapel. Father Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector Of Ateneo Municipal) and FAther Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher
7 15 am, fr. viza gave Rizal ths statuette he had carved as an ateneo student
8 am, Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived to relieve Fr. Viza. After breakfast, Lt. Taviel came and Rizal thanked him for his gallant services
9 am, Fr. Federico Faura arrived
10 am, Fr. Jose Vilaclara and Vicente Balaguer visited as well as the Spanish journalist, Santiago Mataix
12 on, to 3 30 pm, he finished Mi Ulitmo Adios his last poem and the last letter to Blumentritt
3:30 pm, Fr. Balaguer returned
4 pm, his mother visited and he gave the alcohol cooking stove to Trinidad
6 pm, Don Silvino Lopez Tnon arrived
8 pm, Rizal had his last supper. he informed Capt. Dominguez that he forgave his enemies who condemned him to death
9 30 pm, he was visited by Don Gaspar Cestano, the fiscal of Royal Audencia of Manila
10 pm, the draft of the retraction was submitted to Rizal for signature, but he rejected it
3 am, December 30, 1896, Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins and took holy Communion
5 30 am, he took his last breakfast and wrote 2 letters for his family and to Paciano. Josephine arrived with Rizal's sister, Josefa. they shared their last embrace and Rizal gave her a last gift- Imitation of Christ
6 am, he wrote his last letter to his parents
Death March to Bagumbayan
6 30 am. a signal to begin the death march was sounded in Fort Santiago
Rizal was dressed elegantly and his arms were tied behind his back
when they reached Bagumbayan field, Rizal walked serenely to the place where he was told to stand
Martyrdom of a Hero
Rizal bid farewell to Fr. MArch, Fr. Vilaclara and Lt. Taviel
his request to be shot facing the firing squad was denied
Dr. CAstillo was amazed to find the Rizal's pulse was normal, indicatin hi is not afraid to die
at exactly 7:03 am, Rizal fell on the ground dead facing the morning sun at the age of 35 years, 5 months and 11 days
Aftermath of a Hero-Martyr's Death
the execution of Rizal presaged the foundation of an independent nation. although the bullets killed Rizal, but his libertarian ideas destroyed the Spanish rule in the Philippines