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Populations and Ecosystems (Structure of Ecosystems (trophic levels…
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants relationship w/ their habitats
Abiotic components
climate
extremes are more important
determines if a species survival
soil factors
formed by breakdown of rock
pioneers=first plants that invade new soil
after years three layers form
a horizon=uppermost
b horizon=next layer;zone of deposition
c horizon= mostly parent rock with rock fragments
latitude and altitude
different latitudes=different day/night lengths
light that strikes also depends on this
distrubance
Ex: fires, landslides, snow, floods
little impact of abiotic factors
biotic components
the plant itself
may be detrimental or neutral
modifies habitat just buy being there
other plant species
mutualism= beneficial to both
competition= bad because both need same thing
competitive exclusion= theory that less adapted gets excluded :cry:
organisms other than plants
pollination is ex. of mutulism
frugivores= animals aid in seed dispersal
commensal relationship= common b/w plants and animals
ex. bird nest on a tree
predation= one benefits one is harmed
herbivores
Structure of Populations
geographic distribution
boundaries of geo range
limiting factor= determines plants health
local geo distribution
on a smaller scale
random= no identifiable pattern
clumped=space is small or large rarely average
uniform= evenly spaced from neighbor
age distribution
affects the manner in which a pop. responds to various factors in its habitat
demography= how many middle aged, young, old people there are
things that effect this
generation time
length of time from birth to birth of first offspring
intrinsic rate of natural increase
number of offspring produced that can live to reproduce
things get in the way of this(competition for water is an ex)
r and k selection
r section
pop. growth is limited by species own biotic potential
disturbance produces this
annual, early maturity, many small seeds, few chem. defenses
k section
pop. growth is governed by carrying capacity of ecosystem
perennial, late maturity, few large seeds, many defenses
deal with crowded env. limited sources, competition.
Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic structure
physical size+ shape+distribution related to each other and to physical env.
system of life form defined by Raunkiaer
means by which plant survives stressful seasons
temporal structure
changes that happen over time
can be short or long
species composition
trophic levels
feeding levels
primary consumer(energy and nutrient supply)
secondary consumer(prey on primary consumer)
Omnivores exist at both levels
