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Chemistry (Calculations and shit (Balanced Equations (The number of atoms…
Chemistry
Calculations and shit
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Balanced Equations
The number of atoms does not change, nor the mass
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Isotopes have the same proton number but different mass numbers (so they have a different amount of neutrons)
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Electrolysis
Electrodes
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A conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an object, substance or region
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Aqueous Electrolysis
If the metal is less reactive than hydrogen, the metal will form at the cathode
If the non metal ion is a halide, then the corresponding halogen forms at the anode
If the metal is more reactive than hydrogen, hydrogen will form at the cathode
If the non-metal ion is not a halide, then oxygen forms at the anode
Aluminium Extraction
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Molten cryolite is mixed with the aluminium to lower it's melting point from 2050 to 850, this lowers the amount of energy needed and therefore the cost of the reaction
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Atomic Structure is dead
Structure of the atom
Contain protons, neutrons and electron is
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Key terms
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relative atomic mass (Ar) = sum of (isotope abundance x isotope mass number) / sum of abundances of all isotopes (usually 100)
Compound - Substance formed from two or more elements (in fixed proportions throughout). They're held together by chemical bonds. But it is still dead
Mixture - more than one element together, not chemically combined.
History of the atom
Start of 19th century John Dalton described atoms as solid spheres. Different spheres made up the different elements.
in 1897 J J Thomson concluded that atoms weren't solid spheres. Measurements of charge and mass showed that an atom must contain even smaller, negatively charged particles - electrons. The plum pudding model was created.
Rutherford proved the plum pudding model wrong in his alpha particle experiment - where more of the alpha particles were reflected back by the gold than expected. Concluded that there is a nucleus, and the electrons surrounded it in a "cloud"
Scientist realised that electrons in a cloud would be attracted to the nucleus, causing the atom to collapse, Bohr's nuclear model of the atom suggested that all the electrons were contained in shells.
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20 years after scientists discovered the proton, James Chadwick discovered the neutrons.
Electronic Structure
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If the outer shell is not full, the atom will want to react to fill it
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