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FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM (FH) (IN THE UK - EVOLUTION (1960s: reputation…
FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM (FH)
DEFINITION
what?
unruly and destructive behaviour: brawls (=fist fights), vandalism, intimidation, racist/obscene chanting / shouts / riots (clash with bats, bottles, rocks, knives or guns) / pitch invasions
who?
supporters of opposing teams
where?
at pre-arranged locations away from stadiums, in order to avoid arrests by the police
spontaneously at the stadium or in the surrounding streets
when?
before, during or after football matches
why?
alcohol
police targeted
often to show masculinity (rite of passage)
news coverage
testosterone = aggressive reaction to a pitch event
IN THE UK - EVOLUTION
1960s: reputation worldwide for football hooliganism = "the English Disease"
1980s: government's measures to crackdown on (=punish) FH => creation of a "war cabinet" to combat GH + possibility to reform football by not allowing fans in stadiums
1880s: first appearance of FH in England
1970s: 1st organised hooligan firms
1974: a Red Army hooligan (Manchester) stabbed a supporter from the opposing team => crowd segregation and erection of fences at football grounds
1974: "hundreds of fans" invaded a pitch = Attack of a football player
1980s: one casualty (riot) / one wounded (block of wood thrown) / teen died (wall collapsed after crowd pressure) - John Barnes, English black player: racist chants + banana skins by Luton fans // black player Viv Anderson
1990s: riot in Dublin because of English fans
FIFA 98: England vs French of North African origins in Marseilles
Euro 96: riot in England (English vs. Germans)
2000s much of the trouble: away from stadiums or abroad at major international tournaments but English players received death threats from English fans
Euro 2000: The England team was threatened with expulsion because of the poor behaviour of fans
2009: riots at football matches: riot + one man stabbed
2010s: bovver boots to be removed to attend football matches
2015: a thousand fans invaded the pitch during a match.
1365: King Edward III banned football partly because of its excessive violence
Movie extract THE FOOTBALL FACTORY (2004)
journalist in front of the home of Chelsea's football club
years ago, in the streets => hooligans fighting on the pitch
hooligans claimed to be football fans but journalist "simple-minded hooligans"
hooligans = cause of disruption
well-known hooligan thugs from Chelsea, Tottenham & Milwall (all London football clubs)
supposed death of FH: rise of ecstasy tablets or got bored
journalist punched in the face by a hooligan before he could finish his sentence => the hooligan "just resting, not dancing"
Oasis music (Enligh rock band) in background + street view before a football match => numerous police officers (on foot but even on roofs, on horse) + group of determined hooligans walking
HEYSEL STADIUM DISASTER
where?
Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium
when?
1985
during the European Cup Final between Liverpool and Juventus (Italy)
who?
English fans attacked Italian fans
what
event
39 Juventus fans died (wall collapsed)
consequences
English clubs banned from all European competitions until 1990
Liverpool banned until 1991
ENGLAND THREATENED WITH EURO 2004 BAN
WHICH MATCH?: England vs. Slovakia
WHY?: People ran onto the pitch during previous match vs. Turkey + racist insults
David Beckham asks fans not to ruin English team's chances to win a match
SOLUTION: not play against Slovakia or play but without English fans or pay a £70,000 fine (9 000 000 cfp) => fine chosen
movie extract EUROTRIP (2004)
2 Americans in a British pub face some hooligans of the Manchester united team (same jerseys)
They freak out / panic because Hooligans go crazy + superior in number + break things around them + alcohol
Scotty sings an English song "My baby takes the morning train" => leader of hooligans happy => the 2 Americans: members of their gang
TACKLING FH
1970s: creation of The Football Community scheme = a counter-measure to hooliganism
involve young people in football-related activities => build strong links between the club and community because FH can start young + coaching on how to be a good fan
change all stadiums into all-seater stadiums (before 1985: standing terrace) + introduction of family enclosures (special area for families instead of general crowd) => NOWADAYS: FIFA & UEFA mandate that all matches in competitions that they control be held in all-seater stadium
Identification of hooligans => CCTV cameras in stadiums
banning orders for well-known hooligans + request to remove beaver boots to enter stadium
Fighting racism => give children the opportunity to see footballers + talk personally about the effect of racism on their lives.
The severity of the punishment depends on the seriousness of the offence
alcool ban
separate the 2 teams' fans with fences + sterile area (empty zones)
IN FORMER HOOLIGANS (2002 BBC news article)
DAREN WELL
among the hundreds of England fans deported from Belgium during Euro 2000.
fighting at football matches = a part of life as a teen => the trouble gave him a thrill ("butterflies in your stomach") => wish for a 'career' as a hooligan.
fighting = a way to vent his frustration with his home life (living in a bad situation with his step-dad)
2000s: revelation: end up dead or be in prison for the rest of his life => wish for a fresh start
being a hooligan = in your blood, you can never stop being one
1980s: involved with the extreme far-right neo-nazi group Combat 18 (Chelsea) => stabbing, glassing, throwing people from bridges
JED
during his adult life: never really into football or football violence.
1990s: because of friends from the hooligan firm, the 'Naughty Forty'.
not easy to be accepted in the firm => after a certain period of time, you get accepted => mutual trust / protection / loyalty ( helping people get jobs or weaning younger members of the "firm" off drugs because heroin and ecstasy : common drugs among hooligans)
thrill can become addictive = you want to fight more often
OUTDATED POLICE TACTICS AT EURO 2016 IN MARSEILLES (FRANCE)
the Russian ultras (150) went berserk /bəˈzɜːk/ (=crazy) attacked England fans (400) = havoc / damage (innocent people teargassed or kicked on the ground: hospital)
UEFA warned the Russia & England teams = disqualification if fan behaviour does not improve.
In FRANCE: wear riot gear (CRS Compagnie Républicaine de Sécurité) + stay out of the crowd
vs. IN MOST OF EUROPE (including Britain): engage with the crowd, resolving individual issues and arresting and taking away safely any individual who break the law.
English fans threw bottles at French police => evidence: if police don’t wear helmets and shields, crowds don’t throw bottles.
only 4 plain-clothed police officers managed to protect English fans from 30-40 Russians only with a shield, a baton and a grenade
organised Russians => Some disguised in English club shirts and equipped with gumshields and truncheons/bats
quesitoning safety of supporters => both countries have good and bad people at football matches
INTERVIEW WITH A RUSSIAN HOOLIGAN
wearing a t-shirt "Russian hooligans" / skinny but injuries and scar
World Cup 2018: strong police forces = no possible attack from Russians
why? love for his country + masculinity
hatred of English (critic: fighting with bottles and chairs” and not, as he described, in the “classic style” with hands and feet) and Poles
the fighting only stops when everybody on the opposing side is in the foetal position on the floor + it’s acceptable to attack people on the floor, as long as others are still stood
fighting = not a criminal act, but very much as a sport, and something that is in his DNA, part of the fabric of being a Russian male.
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