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UNIT 1
Study Guide (Key Terms: (Behaviorism- The view of psychology (1)…
UNIT 1
Study Guide
Key Terms:
Behaviorism- The view of psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)
Cognitive Neuroscience- The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition( Including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
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Levels Of Analysis- The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to socio-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
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Psychiatry- A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
Testing Effect-Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
Behavior genetics- The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Empiricism- the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
Behavior-the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward others
Culture- The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Nature-Nature Issue- The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nuture
Biopsychosocial Approach- An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural levels of analysis
Counseling Psychology- A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving
Community Psychology- A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
Structuralism- Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener: used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
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Natural Selection- The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Clinical Psychology- A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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Functionalism- Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
SQ3R- A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read Retrieve, Review
Positive Psychology- The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and comunites to thrive
Key Contributors:
Wilhelm Wundt- Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
John B Watson- Working with Rosalie Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior. He and Rayner showed that fear could be learned, in experiments on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert"
Mary Whiton Calkins- Mentored by James and became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association
Ivan Pavlov- Pavlov was a notable contributor to behavioral psychology and was known for his experiments with animals
William James- James was a legendary teacher-write who authored an important psychology test. James also mentored Calkins
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Sigmund Freud- The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity's self-understanding
Margaret Washburn- The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D. Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind
Abraham Maslow- Maslow created the hierarchy of needs and made great contributions to humanistic psychology
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Key Ideas:
9. What is structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt, E.B. Titchener) Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener: used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
8. What is the difference between psychology and psychiatry? Psychiatrists are medical doctors that can prescribe medication and can deal with complex mental problems. Psychologists are scientists that cannot prescribe medication and commonly deal with minor mental problems
10. What is introspection? Introspection is the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes
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11. What is Functionalism? (William James) Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
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12. What is behaviorism? (Palov, Skinner, Watson) Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that looks at how we react to and observe responses
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13. What is psychoanalysis? (Freud) Psychoanalysis is a type of treatment that involves the patient talking through their experiences and memories.
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3. What are mental processes? Mental Processes are internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior- sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings.
15. Can you describe how each of these Focuses works? What are their differences? Biological psychology focuses on how natural selection of traits leads to the survival of humans throughout history. Developmental Psychology focuses on how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences and looks commonly at humans of the present rather than the past with biological. Cognitive psychology focuses on how our brains operate with a focus on information over personality traits like developmental. Psychodynamic psychology focuses on subliminal drives that cognitive psychology does not focus on. Behavioral psychology focuses on outside responses and how we learn compared to Psychoanalysis which focuses on internal, nonobservable responses. Socio-cultural psychology focuses on the different behaviors between cultures and groups which has a larger focus compared to behavioral psychology. Humanistic psychology focuses on sensory experiences and how the brain enables them which focuses on an individual compared to a society
2. What is behavior? Behavior is the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward others, that we can observe and record.
16. Which of these focuses are currently in favor? Which Have fallen out of favor? Humanistic and Cognitive psychology have grown in favor from the 1960s while behavioral psychology has fallen out of favor since that decade as well.
1. What is psychology? Psychology is a science field focusing on behavior & mental processes and answering questions about how & why we act and feel certain ways.
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