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Task 8 (CYCLES (Diagnostic cycle -, regulative cycle - more evaluation…

- - - - 3) No intervention, rather outside view experiment -> control to allow falsification
      - Methodology of scientific hypothesis testing is geared towards the disinterested prediction of future behavior
      - 2) Looks for truth
      - Nomological
      - 1) Directed towards general (some also use individual constellations, for example botany)
    - - 1) Deals with individual cases - de Groot's generation of mini theory of individual case rather than top -down process (from practice to theory rather than from theory to practice)
      - 2) Improvement directed -> approaches object something to be changed (mutandum)
      - 3) Intervetnion influences theobjectivity of testing -> no falsification possible
      - Methodology of practice is geared towards interested regulation of the behaviour of individuals, groups or organisations in the desired direction
      - REGULATIVE CYCLE: problem situation -> diagnosis -> plan of action -> intervention -> evaluation
      - Hermeneutic
    - - Normative-diagnostic approach (Westmeyer)
        
        laws that serve for development of diagnostic process algorithms, and basis for computer-aided diagnostics
        
         There is a way to teal in objective, scientific way with the individual
         Idionomic method did never take root in professional practice
         Testing hypotheses often takes weeks of observation
         hypotheses are made from specific perspective, and putting them to test in usual predictive way entails special proclems
    - - Every step in cycle is guarded by norms and values
      - Problem-situation: when it falls short of some norm  diagnosis consists not only of an interpretation what it is but also what it ought to be in the light of some standard
      - Expected effects of planned intervention are tested against these norms  then evaluated
      - To put practice on the same level as science, more rigorous methodological regulation is required and revision of accepted conception of science
      - Theory not as mirror of reality but rather as tool that is instrumental in dealing with some aspect of reality  theory as tool in diagnosing and changing problem situation
    - - Openness to falsification is the demarcation criterion in science  bringing diagnostic theories under the methodological rigour of the empirical predictive cycle has been standard formula for meeting this criterion
        
         BUT the problem is that the practitioner violates this because predictions of future behaviour of individuals is contaminated by interventions made by same practitioner  self-fulfilling prophecy
        
         practitioners themselves involved in problem-situation (not like researchers on the outside)  falsification not possible in traditional sense
      - The regulative cycle: steps involved in practical problem solving
        
        Starts with problem situation (mini-theory about causes and remedy of the problem), the diagnosis results in a plan of action in which remedy is further elaborated, followed by intervention to bring change, lastly, evaluation of new situation takes place
        
        Negative feedback loop then desired end has not been attained
        -
        
        Development from practice to science will only happen if practitioners develop a culture of critical account giving (similar to peer reviews in scientific research)  privacy of client has to be protected, though
  - - - Mutual fertilisation: general theories may serve as source of inspiration in developing problem-directed theories and therapeutic techniques; and regulative problem solving often leads to new perspectives in theory  top-down and bottom-up
    - - As part of the interpretative research family, hermeneutics focuses on the significance that an aspect of reality takes on for the people under study. Hermeneutics focuses on defining shared linguistic meaning for a representation or symbol.
      - Hermeneutic and nomological thinking have at least an equally large role in practical problem solving