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Task 7 (Imuta (used Draw a person to measure Iq (DAP:IQ has a high level…

- - - - In general, HFD tests have also been found to yield modest correlations with other measures of intelligence.
        
        DAP:IQ is a highly reliable measure, however, its correlations to other measures of intelligence are moderate at best
        
        children’s scores on the DAP:IQ correlate more strongly with their scores on the nonverbal aspects of other measures of intelligence
        
        the DAMT failed to identify the majority of children who were actually gifted
  - - - Critics argued that the Rorschach lacked standardized administration procedures and adequate norms, and that evidence for its reliability and validity was weak or non-existent
        
        John Exner's Comprehensive System (CS) for the Rorschach provided detailed rules for administration and scoring, and an impressive set of norms for both children and adults.
        
        the CS norms are unrepresentative of the U.S. population and tend to make normal adults and children appear maladjusted.
        
        Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and non-American groups often score differently on important variables
        
        recent studies of CS scoring reliability indicate that only about half of CS variables attain a reliability of .85 or higher
        
        about half of CS variables can potentially be scored at a level of reliability suitable for clinical work
        
        the test-retest reliability of most CS scores is still an open issue
        
        The Influence of Response Frequency (R) on CS Scores
        
        , the total number of responses that clients give to the inkblots, can exert a substantial effect on their other Ror-schach scores
        
        Because R is higher in certain cultural and educational groups and because it is positively related to intelligence, certain groups of people may receive higher scores on Rorchach indexes of psychopathology simply because they give more responses
      - that various Rorschach scores usually do not intercorre-late or “hang together”
      - some useful applications -
        
        CS Schizophrenia Index (SCZI) effectively discriminates between psychotic and non-psychotic patient
        
        Thought Disorder Index for the Rorschach is a valid indicator of thought disorder in schizophrenic and borderline patients
        
        Despite a few positive findings, the Rorschach has demonstrated little validity as a diagnostic tool
        
        Schizophrenia and perhaps to Bipolar Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder also seem to give an above-average number of deviant verbalizations.
      - incremental validity
        
        only in BPD, Schizophrenia and Borderline
    - - The term “apperception” is opposed to perception to denote the fact that respondents actively interpret TAT stimuli in accord with their personality traits and life experiences
      - TAT proponents have maintained that individuals can exhibit low levels of an attribute on the TAT not because they possess low levels of this attribute, but because they are repressing or otherwise inhibiting the expression of this attribute. We term this purported phenomenon the “inhibition effect
      - levels of expressed aggression on the TAT were significantly associated with overt aggression
      - also schizophrenia
      - Incremental validity - lowering when put together with MMPI - AWFUL
      - internal consistency and test-retest reliability have been notoriously problematic. Cronbach’s alpha - rarely exceeded .30 to .40.
        
        Retesting respondents often feel obliged to create different stories
      - detailed scoring scheme, the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale SCORS
        
        Although interrater reliabilities for the dimensions of the SCORS have been high, the internal consistency was lower
        
        Thus, the SCORS appears to be significantly associated with certain psychopathological conditions, particularly BPD, and perhaps the impact of early adverse experiences BUT LOW
        
        LOW TEST-RETEST when scoring for defense mechanisms
        
        In summary, the evidence for the construct validity of the DMM (defense mechanism measure) is at best mixed
      - SUMMARY OF TAT
        
        For all of these systems,
        
        (a) adequate norms are not available,
        
        (b) test-retest reliability is either questionable or unknown,
        
        (c) field reliability is untested, and
        
        (d) there is almost no research to ensure that such systems are not biased against one or more cultural groups.
        
        Although there is modest support for the construct validity of several TAT scoring schemes, the relevance of these findings to clinical practice is doubtful,
    - - kinetic vs nonkinetic
      - Although test-retest and interrater reliabilities are sometimes high, there is marked variation across studies. In addition, field reliability has not been studied.
      - no significant differences among doctoral-level practitioners, predoctoral interns, and even hospital secretaries in their levels of success when using the KFD to differentiate normal and abnormal children, although doctoral-level practitioners were slightly more accurate.
- - - - Sentence Completion Tests
    - - Szondi test - respondents are shown photographs fo people with disorder and asked which one they like most and least
    - - Thematic Apperception Test
      - Picture projective test
        
        Compared to the TAT productions, the PPT stories were of comparable length but were much more positive in thematic content and emotional tone - bit better in discrimination between normal nad psychotic patients
    - - The Draw-A-Person test
      - House-Tree-Person Test
    - - Association techniques - Rorschach inkblots
        
        10 inkblots, 5 black 5 colorful
- - - - reliability
      - incremental validity - amount of information a test provides
      - validity
      - treatment utility - extent to which treatment contributes to treatment outcome