CH 10 Blood and the Circulatory System Disorders
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
APLASTIC ANEMIA
PERICIOUS ANEMIA: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
ANEMIA
Oxygen deficit leads to:
Less energy production in all cells (Cell metabolism and reproduction diminished)
Inflamed and cracked lips
Dysphasia
Hair and skin may show degenerative changes.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Result of low hemoglobin concentration in cells
Occurs in all age groups, but more common in women of childbearing age
Proportion increases for pregnant women.
may also be due to blood loss or severe liver disease
Basic problem is hemoglobin deficit
This an absorption issue
nerves
Vitamin B12 is needed for the function and maintenance of neurons.
Significant deficit of the vitamin will cause symptoms in the peripheral nerves.
These may be reversible.
Digestive tract becomes inflamed and ulcerated, leading to stomatitis.
Impairment or failure of bone marrow
Often idiopathic but possible causes include:
Compensation mechanisms (Tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction)
Myelotoxins (Radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs)
Viruses (Particularly hepatitis C)
Genetic abnormalities (Myelodysplastic syndrome, Fanconi anemia)
‼Failure to identify cause and treat effectively is life-threatening‼
Results from excessive destruction of RBCs
Causes
Genetic defects
Immune reactions
Changes in blood chemistry
Infections such as malaria
Toxins in the blood
Antigen–antibody reactions
General signs of anemia (Fatigue, pallor (pale face), dyspnea, tachycardia)
Genetic Condition
Abnormal hemoglobin (HbS)
Sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered.
Altered hemoglobin is unstable and changes shape in hypoxemia.
Sickle-shaped cells are too large to pass through the microcirculation.
Obstruction leads to multiple infarctions and areas of necrosis.
Anemia occurs in homozygous recessive.
⭐Signs and Symptoms ⭐
Severe pain because of ischemia of tissues and infarction
Pallor, weakness, tachycardia, dyspnea
Hyperbilirubinemia—jaundice
Splenomegaly
Vascular occlusions and infarctions
In lungs
Acute chest syndrome
Smaller blood vessels
Hand-foot syndrome
Delay of growth and development
Congestive heart failure