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Task 6 (Ji et al. (STUDY (STUDIES (• Study 2 (Results ( Compound…
Task 6
Ji et al.
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Language and Cognition
Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativility (language influecnes people's thinking) (LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS
• Language serves as an organizer of knowledge and there is reason to believe that aspects of language influence categorization
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Bilinguals
compound - : have one representation for a verbal label and its translation equivalent. • Compound bilinguals have a higher degree of interdependence in the organization of their two codes than coordinate bilinguals
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STUDY
AIM: We examined whether culture and language have relatively independent effects on reasoning by using bilingual participants and testing them in their two different languages.
Method: triad categorization task -> sets of three words were presented, and participants were asked to select two out of the three that were most closely related
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STUDIES
• Study 1
Examining whether there were any cultural differences in categorization independent of language and whether there were any language effects independent of culture
Result
Cultural effect: a robust cultural effect independent of any effect having to do strictly with language or country- context effect - Chineese people havee tendency to be holistic as a baseline
Language effect: the Chinese tested in English shifted away from the relationship-focused Chinese pattern and moved closer to the American response pattern -> language effect independent of culture - in other words use of language affects categorization
Possible explanations
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Language used for a task makes certain ways of reasoning more accessible by activating representations that are common in a particular culture
Effect of testing location: significant effect suggests stronger cue of testing language in corresponding country
• Study 2
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Method: two grouping tasks, one in each language
Results
Compound bilinguals from Hong Kong Chinese showed a strong relationship preference in their groupings in both conditions -> no language effect
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• Conclusion: cultural backgrounds affect reasoning, independent of the testing language. In addition, the language of testing may also affect thinking, depending on when and how the language is learned
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Van de Vijver
types of bias
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item bias (differential item functioning): biased items have a different psychological meaning across cultures
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Translation procedures
• Translation-backtranslation procedure - translation into target language and when by independent interpreter translated back in original language -> comparison of versions
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Rienties
Study results
The cultural dimensions of Hofstede significantly predicted academic adjustment and social adjustment, in particular power–distance (negative), masculinity and uncertainty avoidance (both positive).
academic adjustment is the primary predictor for academic success
Academic and social integration processes of international students are far more complex than just talking about the international student
European students score similar to local Dutch students on academic adjustment, which is the key predictor for academic performance
In particular Germanic students experience some significant personal-emotional adjustment issues, which may be attributed to their lower satisfaction of social life
Students from countries with stronger power-distance have more academic and social adjustment issues and less commitment or attachment with the host institute -> perform significantly lower
The masculinity index positively predicts the perceived reputation of institute, satisfaction with social life, and average grades
Students from countries with strong uncertainty avoidance have more commitment towards the host institute and indicate to be better supported by family and friends
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Cultural distance: international students with similar values will experience less stress when studying in a foreign country than students with different values
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Rosselli
Not only verbal, but also non-verbal tests may be culturally biased
attention habits developed as a result of reading direction can affect performance asymmetry for non-language tasks. Readers of right to left languages do not show the ubiquitous left preference in the chimeric faces task
Study
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Different educational level, same cultural background
• A significant effect of educational level on non-verbal neuropsychological tests, is found in both adults and children
Culture: the way of living of a human group and includes behaviors, ways of thinking, feeling, knowledge, values, attitudes and belief
Goal of paper: whether the use of non-verbal neuropsychology tests are appropriate for populations from diverse cultures and different educational levels
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