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Norman Conquest 1066-1100 (Battle of Stamford Bridge (Tactics (Shield Wall…
Norman Conquest 1066-1100
What happened after Edward the Confessor's death?
Claimants to the throne
Edgar Aetheling
Strengths
Blood relative to Edward
Father Named as successor but died
Grandfather was Edward's Half brother
Weaknesses
Only 14 Years Old
No money
No army
No military experience
Harold Hardrada
Strengths
Experienced ruler
Supported by ex-earl
North England had scandinavian Roots
Weaknesses
Harthacanute made an agreement to his father and he had turned down the english throne
Not an English blood relative
William Duke of Normandy
Weaknesses
Illegitimate son of Richard
Flawed relationship with Edward
Edward promised the throne which could be overturned by English Customs
Strengths
Distant cousin of Edward
Capable ruler in Normandy
Harold Godwinson pledged under oath to support William
Harold Godwinson
Strengths
King's Brother in law
Controlled Wessex (biggest earldom)
Acted as sub-regulus
Given to him on Deathbeds
Weaknesses
Tried to overthrow Edward
Swore a sacred oath to William to support his claim to the throne
How did the different countries customs affect the Claims to the throne?
English Customs
Dying words of the king were more important than promises made before
Norman customs
Earlier promises to the throne were final and could not be changed on your deathbed
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Tactics
Shield Wall
Godwinson's army 2x bigger than vikings
Surprise Battle
Vikings only had 2/3 of their army the other 1/3 was on the ships
Who
English
Harold Godwinson
Vikings
Harald Hardrada
Tostig Godwinson
Topography
Bridge separating 2 armies
River separating 2 armies
Hill looking over Stamford Bridge
Outcome
English Victory
When
25th September 1066
Position of Armies
Lack of armour for the vikings
Ships 25kms away
Vikings spread out so that let Harold attack efficiently
Vikings tired after previous battle 5 days earlier
Other Features
Unarmoured vikings left exposed
Vikings had been informed that English did not like King Harold
Battle of Hastings
Topography
Senlac Hill
William
did not
chose to position on the hill
William chose the battle field
Position of armies
Harold had the high ground
William chose the battleground - made preparations whilst Harold was up north with the vikings
Tactics
7000 vs 7000 men
Shield Wall
Feigned retreat
Aware of Norman tactics
Other Features
Papal Banner with William
Fought hardrada and then had to march down north
Who?
William, Duke of Normandy
Harold Godwinson
Outcome
Victory for the Normans
Battle of Gate Fulford
Who
Vikings
Harald Hardrada
Tostig Godwinson
Viking Victory
English
Earl Morcar
Earl of Northumbria
Earl Edwin
Earl of Mercia
Harold Godwinson
Topography
Marshland meant it was hard to retreat
River Ouse gave an easy route to York
Tactics
Housecarls
Vikings completely outnumbered English
10,000 men vs 3,000 men
English troops had nowhere to go once being pushed back
Shield Walls
Other Features and issues
Defend York rather than stay behind the security of the city's fortification
When?
20th September 1066
Key words
Norman Conquest and Control
Part 1
Allegiance – Loyalty to the government or King.
Danegeld - a tax paid to the Vikings to stop them plundering England.
Earldoms - land owned by powerful Earls. England was divided into four Earldoms; Wessex, Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia.
Fealty - loyalty
Illegitimate - a child born to unmarried parents, this could affect a claim to the throne.
Sub-regulus - literally ‘below the king’ meaning acting as the King’s deputy.
Under Oath - a promise using God as a witness.
Wessex - The richest part of England and an earldom controlled by the Godwin family before 1066.
Witan - a group of powerful English nobles who acted as advisors to the King before 1066.
Topography – natural and physical features of an area e.g rivers, hills, bridges.
Housecarls – household troops or bodyguard of English kings. They were very well trained and professional.
Fyrd – working men, mainly peasants, called to serve the king in times of trouble.
Thegn – A nobleman in Anglo-Saxon England.
Papal Banner - A flag given by the Pope to William to show that the invasion had God’s blessing.
Mercenary - Trained warriors who fought for anybody who paid them, William promised them land.
Castles
Motte and Bailey
Key Features of a Motte and Bailey Castle
Motte
A keep to provide an elevated attack position
Bailey
An enclosure surrounded by the palisade where stables and barracks were
How were castles different to Burhs?
Buhrs were public/ castles were private
Buhrs were big enclosures a whole town while castles were small and easy ro defend
Buhrs were hard to get into but easy to set fire to but castles had earthworks and wetted animal skins protecting them
Burhs protected castles controlled
Spaced every 32km
Advantages of the Motte and Bailey Castles
Strong presence over the bailey
Archers which william used had the high ground
Draw bridge made it tough for enemies to enter
A strong defence made of solid timber protecting it
Quick and easy to build
How did they help William secure power?
A symbol of Norman Power
Built in strategic positions around the bordes and river crossings
Used as a base for invasion into South Wales and the rest of Wales
Used to dominate territory that was in an area of unrest
For example York, Nottingham, Warwick and Exeter
Securing Control of England
Herefordshire (1067)
Who was involved
Eadric the Wild
William the Conquerer
What happened
Eadric and a large English following revolted on the welsh border
How William dealt with it
Took stolen riches from them and had control over the welsh borders
Exeter (1068)
Who was involved
Godwins and William
What happened
He besieged Exeter after Godwinson's mother was plotting a challenge
How William dealt with it
Terror and forced Exeter to surrender then made concessions
Mercia, Edwin and Morcar (1068)
Who was involved
Edwin and Morcar and William
What happened
Edwin and Morcar Rebelled after losing power
How William dealt with it
He built castles at Warwick, Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Huntingdon adn Cambridge
South West (1068-1069)
How william dealt with this
Presence of castles and troops made the programme effective
Who was involved
Godwinson's sons and William
What happened
Fled to Ireland and attempted to invade: Exeter refused to support