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Respiration (11) (Types (Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Essential for many…
Respiration (11)
Types
Anaerobic
Respiration without oxygen
Often called fermentation
obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that are exclusively
anaerobic
Killed by oxygen
Aerobic
Oxygen is terminal
electron acceptor
Animals & Plants
are aerobic
Obligates or Strict Aerobes
Facultatively aerobic
fungi and certain types
of tissues in animals
and some plants
Oxygen present=aerobic
Not present=anaerobic
Can carry out both types
Heat Generating
Energy lost during each step
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
mitochondrial electron transport
Maintains body temp in mammals
Generate more heat through shivering when cold
Lipids
Broken down into glycerol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
Further broken down into acetyl CoA
Beta Oxidation
Catabolic metabolism
Photorespiration
Only when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen instead of CO2
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Parallel to glycolysis
Essential for many metabolic pathways
Transforms glucose into erythrose and ribose
Less important as a source of respiratory energy
More significant for its role as a synthetic pathway
Total Energy Yield
Anaerobic
2 ATP
Aerobic
2 ATP
2 NADH -> 4/6 ATP
1 NADH -> 6 ATP
3 NADH -> 18 ATP
1 FADH2 -> 4 ATP
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
2 to 6 NADPH -> 0 to 12 ATP
Heat-Generating
None
Lipid Respiration
Variable
Photorespiration
None
Respiratory Quotient
CO2 liberated : O2 consumed
For glucose:
RQ = 1.0
Acids: RQ = >1.0
Fatty Acids:
RQ = 0.7
Environmental Factors
Temperature
Increase or decrease
Leads to increase or decrease in respiration
Lack of Oxygen
Cell's access to oxygen varies
Only produced during daylight
More variable for roots
Internal Factors
Internal Regulation
Respiration is subject to specific metabolic controls
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages