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Chapter 23 (Developmental Genes (Changes that can happen to developmental…

- - - - While going through duplication and divergence, the original gene stays the same, but the new copy is now able to accumulate mutations, and could eventually develop new functions.
    - - When the regulations of when, where, and how long a gene is expressed and allowed to function. Gene expressions is a very heavily regulated process. Changing this regulation process can have various effects on expression.
- - - - Major evolutionary innovations
        
        When competing organisms evolve a very useful trait (ex: armored plating).
      - Diversification of another group of organisms
        
        This could provide new sources of food .
      - Mass extinctions
        
        Opens up space for surviving species to adapt and diversify.
      - Migration to new locations where few competitors exist
        
        A better adapted species to a certain environment, starts to out-compete the native species already there.
  - - - The several species of finches noted by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos islands were very well adapted to their environments which stemmed from their food source. The diversification of resources available to these finches caused them to become separate species.
    - - Once dinosaurs were gone due to mass extinction, mammals were able to fill the niches once heavily populated by dinosaurs.
- - - - When global environmental changes occur and large numbers of species are eliminated.
      - The disruption of interactions of species within a community can positively or negatively affect surviving populations.
      - An entire evolutionary lineage is gone forever, thus, a lineage with certain advantageous features is removed. This can impact any species that survived that once competed with the better equipped, now extinct species.
      - After such events, it can take upwards of several million years to create the same level of diversity Earth one had.
      - This opens space for adaptive radiation (new organisms filling empty niches), so new or once lesser species can fill the now empty space, creating a new level of diversity which was once not prevalent.
    - - Changes ecosystem based on movement of land masses to varying levels of latitude, this changes the climate.
      - These changes cause extinctions as well as create new opportunities for organisms surviving these geographic changes.
      - Creates allopatric speciation.
        
        When species are separated from each other due to landmasses breaking apart, subpopulations form. The subpopulations then become genetically different from each other as they evolve to become better suited to their environment.