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Chapter 6: Policy Adoption (1. Policy Adoption (The formal authority to…
Chapter 6: Policy Adoption
1. Policy Adoption
The formal authority to decide the policy are:
public official
legislator
executives
administrators
judges
Process of making the preferred policy option legitimized/ legalized.
Process of deciding whether to adopt, modify, reject a recommendation
The act of accepting the preferred recommended policy to be implemented by a body
Get support for the specific policy and get the govt to accept the particular solution
As an enactment of legislation or issuance of an executive order
Example: GST proposal recommendation has been presented before Parliament and adopted by the body through parliamentary process
2. Decision making types/
style for policy adoption
a) Bargaining
Involve negotiation/ compromise to reach mutually acceptable decision
to adjust at least inconsistency goals to new ones that are acceptable (not necessarily ideal) for all parties
Either to slow down or accelerate policy adoption
2 reasons why it is dominant because of:
pluralism and presence of multitude of partially anonymous groups
use of constitutional practice as federalism, separation of power which disperse the decision points
Either implicit or explicit
Explicit
each party state their agreements (bargains) to minimize misunderstanding
Implicit
terms of agreement among bargainers are vague, ambiguous, and expressed using phrases like "future support", favorable disposition"
3 common forms of bargaining
Logrolling
gain support from those who has little interest in a matter
Side payments
rewards offered to respective supporters or coalition members who are indirectly related to the decision at hand
Compromise
A form of explicit, normally centered on single issue
Adjust their differences, each giving up something
c) Command
hierarchical relationships
the directive/ decision of those who has authority to bind others within the jurisdiction
upper level authority direct lower level to obey
Either reward or penalties
subordinates who accept will gain rewards such as recognition and promotion
refuse to comply result in demotion, fire
b) Persuasion
construction of argument to get support (convince) to adopt
no modification of policy
rather to induce others to go along their way
Instrument for persuasions are:
Accurate information
reasons and logic
effective arguments
3. Decision making process
for policy adoption
1. Executive process
(persuasion)
The concerned Minister will prepare policy recommendation paper
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Refer and discuss with Peguam Negara, relevant ministries
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once approved, AG will draft bill
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submit to Cabinet for policy adoption
Cabinet meeting for policy approval
consider policy recommendation based on
Guideline for preparing the Cabinet paper ad Implementation of Cabinet Decision
to justify relevant bill
Cabinet members will consider feedback from various parties to make decision of agree/ disagree
if agreed, notice will be sent to Council of Parliament Secretary for Legislative Process for adoption
3. Prime Minister's decision/
announcement
PM may adopt the policy based on constitutional power granted to him as head of state.
He will adopt based on these justifications:
nation building
development (social, economy, defense)
restructuring of wealth
2. Legislative process
(bargaining)
Draft will be printed and distributed to every parliament members to prepare for reading processes
The reading process
First reading: present the draft of bill to the members of title and justification of introducing the bill. No deliberation.
Second reading: Deliberated on SWOT, implications. QA session to the concerned Ministers.
Modification and changes made if necessary.
Third reading: House of Senate for approval
Royal assent: by YDPA in 30 days.
Gazette: Bill become law after gazetted.
Announcement: The concerned Minister will be informed at the administrative meeting such as State Executive Meeting
4. Factors that influence
the decision for policy adoption
by Prime Ministers
Permissibility and Acceptibility
whether it is allowed by law/ constitution
whether accepted by public/ other nations on foreign-policy decision
Availability of resources
whether funds, personnel, time is available/ enough. Opportunity cost
Timing
whether it is timely to adopt, the need to act.
Commitment
previous commitment (election campaign/ towards other nations
Must avoid inconsistency, deception to retain credibility and political support.
In general
Either individual choices or collective process, consider these factors.
1. Values
Values are important in shaping behaviour.
Five categories of values are:
organizational (believe in the importance of goals and programs; utilize sanctions; desire to keep the survival)
professional values (tend to form distinctive preference as to how problems are handled; may be dominated by particular professions)
personal (urge to protect, promote physical, financial well-being; self-interest)
policy/ public ideas (act on basis of their perceptions of the public interest; morally correct public policy; arise independently according to experiences.
ideological (sets of coherent values as guides to the believers; drive the action of a country eg nationalism, liberals,
2. Political-Party Affiliation
legislator of the same party tend to vote and support
though dissent do occurs non-crucial issue
each party loyalty/ attachment on same agenda
influence the federal judge decision of the govt.
3. Constituency interest
Vote for constituency/ benefit for people as reps are delegates, trustees, exercise best judgment on voters' behalf.
if constituent interests is clear and strong, reps will act on their own peril to contrast.
though sometimes it is hard to determine their demands
build relationship with interest groups, strive to represent their interests.
4. Public Opinion
perspectives/ viewpoints taken into account when making decisions
expressed in many ways such as letters, editor to public officials, demonstration, election result
though misunderstanding of perception under perspectives
might be manipulated by public officials thru management of the news and media
5. Deference
check and balance to the govt
may intent difference in opinions or interpretation from different perspective
6. Decision rules
stare decisis rules