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Chemical Reactions (Types of Reactions (Acid + Base -> Salt + Water (Eg…

- - - - Exothermic
        
        A reaction in which heat is given out. More energy needs to be released than supplied.
        
        Eg. Combustion, yeast & hydrogen peroxide
        
        A substance involved in an exothermic reaction drops in temperature while the area around the substance' temperature increases. This is because the heat is released into the area around it and taken away from the substance itself.
      - Endothermic
        
        A reaction in which heat is taken in . More energy is supplied than released.
        
        Eg. Photosynthesis, sodium bicarbonate
        
        A substance involved in an endothermic reaction increases in temperature while the area around it decreases in temperature. This is because the substance is taking the heat from the area around it and using it for itself.
- - - - Chemicals that combine together to form the products of a chemical reactions (chemicals put into the experiment)
        
        ..
    - - New formed chemicals by the reactants of a chemicals reaction. (new chemical formed at the end of the experiment)
        
        Reactants -> Products
        
        The number of elements as reactants EQUALS the number of elements of products. They are just REARRANGED
  - - - Eg. H2 + O -> H20
  - - - Eg. Hydrogen + Oxygen -> Water
- - - - Eg. combustion of natural gas in a Bunsen burner, or welding
  - - - Eg. Rusting or Ripening & fermentation of grapes to produce wine
  - - - Increasing temperature will normally increase the rate of a chemical reaction
        
        Increasing the temperature increases the speed of the particles in the liquids and gases. As a result, particles collide more frequently, so more chemical reactions occur in a shorter amount of time
        
        increasing the temperature gives the particles more energy. So, when the molecules collide, they hit harder. Chemical bonds are more likely to break and the atoms in the reactants can rearrange more easily to form products
    - - Increasing the concentration of the reactants will increase the rate of reaction
        
        Particles are more likely to collide and react when there are more of them
        
        collisions between particles are necessary for the reactants to rearrange to form the products
    - - Increasing the surface area of the reactants will increase the rate of reaction
    - - Increasing the stirring of the reactants will increase the rate of reaction
        
        Agitation ensure that the reactants are kept in constant contact as it removes any build-up or products around the reactants
    - - Chemical helpers that help the reactants to form the products
        
        Catalysts do this two ways:
        
        They make it easier for reactant molecules to collide and form products
        
        They reduce the amount of energy that is required to convert the reactants into products
- - - - The general equation is: X +Y -> XY
  - - - Precipitates are seen because they 'cloud up' the mixtures are eventually sink to the bottom of the container
        
        Eg. Copper sulfate + Silver Nitrate -> Silver Sulfate + Copper Nitrate
- - - - Eg. Lighting a match, burning sodium or magnesium
        
        Hydrocarbons are excellent fuels because they burn in oxygen to produce large amounts of energy
        
        combustion in a limited oxygen supply is called incomplete combustion
        
        Eg. butane needs 13 O2 particles to completely combust and form carbon dioxide and water.
        
        If there is a limited oxygen supply (less than 13 available) then Butane needs to combust in 2 reactions instead of 1 and produces a mix of poisonous carbon monoxide and sooty black carbon instead of carbon dioxide
- - - - The energy produced is used by organisms to live, move and grow
        
        It is similar to a combustion process as it produces the same products BUT not in the same amounts
        
        This means respiration is slow compared to Combustion, so it doesn't produce explosive amounts of heat or light
        
        It is fast enough to keep your body warm. Respiring faster produces more heat and therefore you get hotter when exercising.
- - - - the oxidation of any metal is called corrosion
        
        the general word equation for corrosion is:
        Metal + Oxygen -> Metal Oxide
- - - - Eg. Carbonic Acid -> Water + Carbon Dioxide
- - - - Cations
        
        Atoms (or groups of atoms) that have lost electrons and therefore have a positive (+) charge
      - Anions
        
        Atoms (or groups or atoms) that have gained electrons and therefore have a negative (-) charge
      - When ionic compounds dissolve, the cations and anions break away from the crystal lattice and spread evenly throughout the solvent
        
        When Sodium Chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water, the sodium cations (Na+) and chloride anions (Cl-) are dispersed throughout the liquid
      - Generally the metals are the cations and the non-metals are the anions
      - RULE: The name of the cation followed by the name of the anions
      - Ionic compounds have NO OVERALL CHARGE - they always have a neutral charge