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Year 8 Geography (Landscapes & Landforms (Types of landscapes (Coast:…
Year 8 Geography
Landscapes & Landforms
Key terms
Landscape: An area of the Earth's surface with similar geographical features
Landform: A natural feature of the Earth's surface - landscapes have many landforms
Types of landscapes
Coast: Areas on the boundary of the land and the ocean
Coastal landforms include beaches, bays, dunes, headlands, spits, cliffs, arches, stacks, stumps, caves, sandbars and tombolos
Mountain: Landscapes with mountains (landforms with a large elevation above the surrounding area)
Mountain landforms include mountains, valleys, rivers and ravines.
Riverine: The area surrounding a river
Riverine landforms include rivers, valleys, floodplains, lakes, swamps and billabongs.
Karst: Landscapes formed by the chemical weathering of soluble rock by acidic water
Kast landforms include caves, springs, sinkholes, karst mountains and limestone pavements
Desert: Areas of low rainfall, characterised by temperature extremes
Desert landforms include dunes, plains, plateaus and waterholes
Rainforest: Areas of dense forest in tropical areas (hot and wet - near equator)
Rainforest landforms include rivers and valleys
Aquatic: Water-based landscapes; these can be marine or freshwater
Built (human): Landscapes characterised by human development
Processes that shape landscapes
Weathering: Breakdown of rocks, particles or sediment
Physical: Weathering caused by the freezing and thawing of water
Chemical: Weathering caused by the dissolving of rock by water (usually acidic)
Biological: Weathering caused by plants and algae
Erosion: Process where rocks, particles or sediment are worn away and moved
Transportation: Movement of eroded material by water, wind, ice, etc.
Deposition: When eroded & transported material stops its movement
Tectonic plates and movement
Tectonic plate boundaries
Divergent: tectonic plates moving apart
Convergent: tectonic plates moving together
Transform: tectonic plates moving alongside each other, in opposite directions
Folding and faulting
Leads to the creation of fold mountains, block mountains and volcanoes
Value of landscapes
Aesthetic: A landcape's beauty and physical appeal
Spiritual: The connections people feel to landscapes, or sacred significance
Economic: Value and use of a landscape for economic (monetary) gain
Cultural: The value of a landscape to a people group's history, cultural practices, beliefs, etc.
Migration & Urbanisation
Key terms
Migration: Movement of people from one place to another, with the intention to live there
Internal migration: Migration between places within the same country
International migration: Migration between different places
Push factors: Reasons why a person may leave the place they are currently living
Pull factors: Reasons why a person may move to a new place
Urbanisation: Growth and expansion of cities, as a result of rural to urban migration
Impacts of urbanisation
Economic growth and innovation
Increased pollution, and loss of biodiversity
Increased homelessness
Creation/growth of slum areas
Rising house prices
Growing wealth inequality
Strains on infrastructure
Urban sprawl and land-clearing
Improved infrastructure and quality of life
Rising crime rates
Reasons for/causes of internal and international migration
Push factors
War/conflict
Lack of educational or economic opportunities
Persecution or oppression
Limited infrastructure
Housing quality
Poor healthcare
Crop failure or drought
Pull factors
Family
Educational opportunity
Job availability or promotional opportunities
Lifestyle
Climate
Improved infrastructure
Housing quality
Access to medical care
Political freedoms
Coastal landscapes & landforms
Coastal processes
Erosion: Wearing away of material by wind, water or ice
Deposition: When transported material is 'put down' in another location
Weathering: The breaking down of rocks, particles & sediment
Hydraulic action
Abrasion/Corrasion
Attrition
Corrosion
Waves
Swash: Movement of water up the beach as part of wave motion
Backwash: Movement of water down the beach as part of wave action
Constructive waves: Waves with stronger swash - more deposition
Destructive waves: Waves with stronger backwash - more erosion
Longshore drift: Movement of eroded material down the beach (parallel to shoreline) due to angled swash caused by angled prevailing wind
Coastal landforms
Erosional landforms
Bays & headlands
Cliffs & wave-cut platforms
Faults, caves, arches, stacks & stumps
Depositional landforms
Beach
Dune
Spit
Bar
Tombolo
Coastal management
Sustainability: Maintaining the environment's ability to support life for the future. Requires consideration of environmental, social and economic factors
Hard engineering (e.g. see walls, groynes, etc.)
Soft engineering (e.g. managed retreat, sand replenishment, etc.)
Landscape hazards
Key terms
Primary hazards: Hazards that are a direct result of the natural disaster
Secondary hazards: Hazards that are an indirect result of the natural disaster (usually caused by a primary hazard)
Mitigation: Strategies to minimise the effects of hazards (usually done before the event)
Responses: Strategies used during or after a hazard to minimise or deal with its effects
Earthquakes
Causes of earthquakes
Release of seismic energy - usually a result of movement of a transform boundary
Primary hazards
Ground shaking
Buildings collapsing
Surface ruptures
Landslides
Liquiefaction
Secondary hazards
Tsunamis (usually caused by an underwater earthquake)
Seiches
Fires