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Chemistry (Quantitative Chemistry (Limiting reactants (Reactions stop when…
Chemistry
Quantitative Chemistry
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The mole
One mole of a substance is an amount of that substance that contains an Avogadro number of particles
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Atom Economy
Atom economy is how much of the mass of the reactants is wasted when manufacturing a chemical and how much ends up as useful products
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Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
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Double bond can open up to make a single bond, this make alkenes more reactive than alkanes
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Alkanes
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Shorter the carbon chain, the more runny it is + lower boiling points + more flammable
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Cracking
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4) You can also vaporise them, mix them with steam and then heat them to a very high temperature ----- Steam cracking
3) Long-chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst ----- Catalytic cracking
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Carboxylic Acids
React with carbonates to produce a salt, water and carbon dioxide
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Bonding
Ionic bonding
When a metal and non-metal react together and the metal loses electrons to form a positively charged ion, and the non-metal forms a negatively charged ion
Ionic compunds
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Ionic compunds form a closely packed regular lattice arrangement and there are very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions, in all directions of the lattice
Energy Changes
Electrochemical cell
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3) The chemical reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte set up a charge difference between the electrodes
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4) If the electrodes are then connected by a wire the charge is able to flow and electricity is produced. A voltmeter can also be connected to the circuit to measure the voltage of the cell.
Fuel Cells
When the fuel enters the cell it becomes oxidised and sets up a potential difference within the cell
Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, produces clean water and releases enegry
Electrical cell that is supplied with a fuel and oxygen and uses energy from the reaction between them
Separation techniques
Evaporation
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2) Slowly heat he solution. The solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated. Eventually, crystals will start to form
Crystallisation
2) Once some of the solvent has evaporated, or when you see crystals start to form remove the dish from the heat and leave the solution to cool
3) The salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold, highly concentrated solution
1) Pour the solution into an evaporating dish and gently heat the solution. Some of the solvent ill evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated
4) Filter the dry crystals out of the solution, and leave them in a warm place to dry You could use a drying oven or a desiccator
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