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Natural Hazards (Tectonic Hazards (L'Aquila, Italy (Primary Effects…
Natural Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Destructive
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Denser oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle and destroyed, creating volcanoes and ocean trenches
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Earthquakes
Effects
Primary effects
Buildings and bridges collapse, homes destroyed
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Roads, railways, ports and airports damaged
Electricity cables, gas, water pipes and communication networks are damaged
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Responses
Immediate Response
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Provide temporary supplies of water, food, electricity, gas and communication systems
Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies, equipment, etc.
Long-Term Response
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Repair or rebuild damaged buildings, roads, railways and bridges
Reconnect broken electricity, water, gas and communication connections
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Set up initiatives to help economic recovery, e.g. promote tourism
Volcanoes
Effects
Primary Effects
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People, animals and plants suffocated by volcanic gases
Secondary Effects
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Flooding can be caused by hot rock, ash and gas melting ice and snow on the volcano. Rock and ash can clog up rivers
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Responses
Immediate Responses
Provide food, drink and shelter for evacuated people
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Provide temporary supplies of electricity, gas and communication systems
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Long-Term Responses
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Improve, repair and update monitoring and evacuation plans
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L'Aquila, Italy
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Primary Effects
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A bridge near the town of Fossa collapsed, and a water pipe was broken near the town of Paganica
Secondary Effects
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Electricity and phone services were interrupted, although most were repaired within a day
Immediate Responses
Camps were set up for people made homeless providing food, water and medical care
Ambulances, fire engines and the army were sent to rescue survivors
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Money was provided by the government to pay rent, and gas and electricity bills were suspended
Long-Term Responses
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New settlements were built to accommodate over 20000 residents who used to live in the damaged city centre
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Weather Hazards
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Tropical Storms
How they develop
Warm, moist air rises and condensation occurs. Releases huge amount of energy making the storm powerful. Rising air creates an area of low pressure which increases surface winds
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Sea temperature has to be 27 °C or higher and when the difference in windspeed between higher and lower parts of the atmosphere is low
Earth's rotation deflects the paths of the winds, which causes the storm to spin
Storm gets stronger due to energy from warm water, so wind speed increases.
They lose strength when they move over land or cooler water because the energy supply from warm water is cut off
Most tropical storms occur between 5° and 30° north and south of equator. Most occur in the northern hemisphere in late summer and autumn when sea temperatures are highest
Features
Centre of the storm is called the eye. Up to 50 km across and is caused by descending air. Very low pressure, light winds, no clouds no rain and a high temperature
Eye is surrounded by the eyewall. There is spiralling rising air, very strong winds, storm clouds torrential rain and a low temperature
Towards the edges of the storm the windspeed falls, the clouds become smaller and more scattered, rain becomes less intense and temperature increases
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November & December 2010
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Cold air from Northern Europe and Siberia caused two long periods of very cold weather with a brief thaw in between
Social Impacts
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Lots of water pipes froze in the cold weather and burst. When they thawed pipes started to leak. 40000 homes and businesses across Northern Ireland were left without water, some for over a week
Schools closed on several occasions including 7000 schools on 2 December meaning parents had to take time off work
Economic Impacts
Transport networks were severely disrupted. Some motorways were shut. Some drivers were trapped in their cars for over 15 hours
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Environmental Impacts
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Use of gas and electricity was more than double, increasing emissions
Climate Change
Evidence
Ice and sediment cores
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By analysing the gases trapped in the layers of ice, they can tell what the temperature was like
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Pollen analysis
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Scientists know the conditions the plants live in now, so preserved pollen from similar plants hows that climate conditions were similar
Tree rings
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Tree rings are thicker in warm, wet conditions
Causes
Natural
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Solar output
Sun's output of energy isn't constant - it changes in short cycles of 11 years and possibly longer cycles of several hundred years
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