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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (External Organization of Stem…
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
Parenchyma Cells
Make up leaves, seeds, fruits, and petals
Chlorenchyma-
Cells that are involved in Photosynthesis
cells with primary walls that are thin
Glandular Cells-
Secrete nectar, resin,oil and fragrances
Collenchyma Cells
Thin primary walls with some parts thick
Sclerenchyma Cells
Primary wall and thick secondary wall
Provide Elastic support in mature cells
Fibers:
Long, add strength and flexibility
Sclereids:
Brittle, Inflexible
External Organization of Stem
Axillary Bud:
Mini Shoot
Bud Scales:
Waxy and corky modified leaves
Leaf Axil:
Stem above where leave attaches
Terminal Buds:
Extreme tip of stem
Internodes:
Region between Nodes
Phyllotaxy:
Arrangement of leaves
Nodes:
Where leave attach
Internal Organization of Stem
Epidermis -
Outermost single layer of Parenchyma cells
Trichomes
- Hair cells
Cortex-
Interior to Epidermis
Can be simple or Complex depending on the plant
Most contain Photosynthetic material
Vascular Tissue-
Used for diffusion
Phloem:
Conducts water and minerals
Sieve cells-
elongated, spindle fibers
sieve tube members-sieve cells stacked
Xylem:
Distributes sugar and minerals
Tracheids-
Pass water along
Vessel elements
Circular bordered pit
-strongest, extra wall around pit
Scalariform Thickening-
Provides strength
Reticulate Thickening-
secondary wall shaped like a net
Helical Thickening-
Secondary Wall
Annular Thickening-
Large surface area for water
Vascular bundles
Phloem and xylem combined
collateral-contain phloem and xylem running parallel
Stem Growth
New cells created at tips known as apical meristem
Terminology
Primary Tissue-
Produced by apical meristems
Primary Growth-
Growth and tissue formation as result of apical meristem activity
Ground Meristem-
young pith and cortex cells
Pro vascular tissue-
young pro vascular tissues
Protoderm-
Epidermal cells in early stage
