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Chapters 9 and 15 (Correlation (p) (Pearson Correlation: measures the…
Chapters 9 and 15
Correlation (p)
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positive : two variables tend to change in the same direction, as Y variable increases so does Y
negative: two variables tend to change in the same direction, as X variable decreases, Y variable increases
Perfect correlation: A relationship where the actual data points perfectly fit the specific form being measured.
Pearson Correlation: measures the degree and the direction of the linear relationship between two variables.
Sum of products (SP): A measure of the degree of covariability between two variables; the degree to which they vary together.
SP= Sum of (X-Mx) (Y-My)
Mx= the mean of the x scores, and My= mean of y scores
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(r^2) Coefficient of determination: measures the proportion of variability in one variable that can be determined from the relationship with the other variable.
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Partial correlation: measures the relationship between two variables while controlling the influence of a third variable by holding it constant.
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Spearman Correlation: A correlation calculated for ordinal data (ranks 1st, 2nd, etc.). Also used to measure the consistency of direction for a relationship
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when there is a consistently one-directional relationship between two variables, the relationship is said to be monotonic; Spearman is monotonic
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t-statistic
estimated standard error (sM): used as an estimate of the real standard error when the value of SD is unknown. s/ square root of n OR square root of s^2/ n (variance)
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Because the standard error is located in the denominator of the t-statisic formula; a larger sM value = a smaller t-statistic
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