The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C

Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but never be created or destroyed

Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions

Where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles

Change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change

2) Pour another 10 ml into the measuring cylinder, repeating the process until the cylinder is full and record the total volume and mass each time

3) For each measurement use the formula to find the density ----> Density = mass ÷ volume (1 ml = 1 cm³)

1) Pour 10 ml of liquid into measuring cylinder and record the liquid's mass

The amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature

SLH for changing between a solid and a liquid is called the SLH of fusion

SLH for changing between a liquid and a gas is called the SLH of vaporisitaion

When they collide with something they exert a force and pressure on it

In a sealed container, the outward gas pressure is the total force exerted by all of the particles in the gas on a unit area of the container walls

Increasing the temperature will increase the speed, and so pressure (if volume kept constant)

The coil surrounds one pole of a permanent magnet, and is surrounded by the other pole, so the current causes a force on the coil (which causes the cone to move)

When the current reverses, the force acts in the opposite direction, which causes the cone to move in the opposite direction too

An alternating current is sent through a coil of wire attached to the base of a paper cone

So variations in the current make the cone vibrate, which makes the air around the cone vibrate and creates vibrations in pressure that cause a sound wave

The frequency of the sound wave is the same as the frequency of the ac, so by controlling the frequency of the ac you can alter the sound wave produced

The induction of a potential difference (and current if there's a complete circuit) in a wire which is moving relative to a magnetic field, or experiencing a change in magnetic field.

Shifting the magnet side to side creates a little blip of current if the conductor is part of a complete circuit

If you move the magnet in the opposite direction, then the pd/current will be reversed. Likewise if the polarity of the magnet is reversed, then the pd/current will be reversed too

If you keep the magnet (or coil) moving backwards and forwards, you produce a potential difference that keeps swapping direction - an alternating current

They use slip rings and brushes instead of a split-ring commutator so the contacts don't swap every half turn

As the coil (or magnet) spins, a current is induced in the coil. This changes direction every half turn

This swaps the connection every half turn to keep the current flowing in the same direction

Sound waves hit a flexible diaphragm that is attached to a coil of wire, wrapped around a magnet

This causes the coil of wire to move in the magnetic field, which generates a current

The movement of the coil depends on the properties of the sound wave

Changes the size of the potential difference of an alternating current

When an alternating pd is applied across the primary coil, the iron core magnetises and demagnetises quickly. This changing magnetic field induces an alternating pd in the secondary coil

If the second coil is part of a complete circuit, this causes a current to be indduced

The ratio between the primary and secondary potential differences is the same as the ratio between the number of turns on the primary and secondary coils.