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Physics (Electricity (Series Circuits (Components are connected in a line,…

- - - - Cells and batteries
      - Always flowing in the same direction
    - - Current is constantly changing direction
      - UK mains supply at around 230 V
      - ac mains supply is 50 Hz
    - - Live wire
        
        Brown
        
        Provides the alternating potential difference
        
        About 230 V
        
        Shocks you
      - Earth wire
        
        Protects the wiring
        
        Green & yellow
        
        Stops the appliance casing from becoming live
        
        0 V
        
        Only carries current if there is a fault
      - Neutral wire
        
        Blue
        
        Completes the circuit and carries away current
        
        Electricity flows in through the live wire and out through the neutral wire
        
        Around 0 V
  - - - lose loads of energy with high current
      - cheaper to boost up pd (400000 V) and keep current low
      - More efficient
    - - Demand is high in the morning, when people come home from school/work, and when it's dark or cold. Also when there are popular events on TV
- - - - Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
    - - Where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles
  - - - Oil
      - Natural Gas
      - Coal
    - - Hydro-electricity
      - Water waves
      - Wind
- - - - Shifting the magnet side to side creates a little blip of current if the conductor is part of a complete circuit
      - If you move the magnet in the opposite direction, then the pd/current will be reversed. Likewise if the polarity of the magnet is reversed, then the pd/current will be reversed too
      - If you keep the magnet (or coil) moving backwards and forwards, you produce a potential difference that keeps swapping direction - an alternating current
  - - - They produce an alternating current
      - They use slip rings and brushes instead of a split-ring commutator so the contacts don't swap every half turn
    - - They use split-ring commutators
      - This swaps the connection every half turn to keep the current flowing in the same direction
- - - - When a wave is reflected in a single direction by a smooth surface
      - E.g. when light is reflected by a mirror
    - - When a wave is reflected by a rough surface and he reflected rays are scattered in different directions
      - E.g. a piece of paper
- - - - Strong forces of attraction
      - Fixed, regular arrangement
      - Particles can only vibrate about their fixed positions
      - Density is generally the highest
    - - Weaker forces of attraction
      - Particles are close together but can move past each other
      - Irregular arrangements
      - Move in random directions at low speeds
      - Generally less dense than solids
    - - Particles have more energy than liquids and solids
      - Particles are free to move
      - Almost no forces of attraction
      - Particles travel in random directions at high speeds
      - Generally less dense than liquids
    - - 2) Pour another 10 ml into the measuring cylinder, repeating the process until the cylinder is full and record the total volume and mass each time
      - 3) For each measurement use the formula to find the density ----> Density = mass ÷ volume (1 ml = 1 cm³)
      - 1) Pour 10 ml of liquid into measuring cylinder and record the liquid's mass
      - 4) Take an average of your calculated densities