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BONE HEALTH (INFLUENCED BY (Nutrients (MINERALS (MAGNESIUM (DEFICIENCY…

- - - - MAGNESIUM
        
        ROLES
        
        Blood and tissues
        
        neural transmission and inhibiting muscle contraction
        
        blood clotting
        
        protects against hypertension
        
        Bone and teeth growth/ maintenance
        
        bones are reservoirs of Mg
        
        helps retain Ca in teeth
        
        Prevents cavities
        
        use in mineral crystal structure of bone
        
        DEFICIENCY RISK
        
        adults have sub optimal intake
        
        loses occur slowly over time with
        
        prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, use of diuretics
        
        renal disease/ alcoholism
        
        heavy perspiration
        
        low risk
        
        Stored in bones
        
        toxicity
        
        No known risk
        
        FOOD SOURCES
        
        pumpkin seeds
        
        halibut
        
        spinach
        
        Ca , P, Mg can all occur in bone minerals structures
        
        Mg can replace some Ca in hydroxyapatite
      - FLUORIDE
        
        important
        
        bone & teeth mineralization
        
        reduce dental caries
        
        healthy teeth enables people to consume enough food and nutrients
        
        antimicrobial & helps re-mineralize worn down enamel
        
        most effective intake
        
        before the teeth break through the gums-early on in development
        
        deficiency
        
        at risk
        
        People who have low F levels in their water supply or don’t have access to dental care products/services, seafood etc.
        
        Lack of fluoride increases risk of dental caries which may cause inability to consume a variety of foods
        
        toxicity
        
        fluorosis
        
        teeth more resistant to decay, but permanently discoloured
        
        sources
        
        seafood
        
        shell fish/sardines
        
        seaweed
        
        brewed tea
        
        Toothpaste
        
        Mouthwash
      - Major minerals found in bone
        
        HYDROXYAPATITE
        
        which is the
        
        Major mineral crystal
        
        Deposits onto collagen matrix of bone
        
        Hard structure of bones and teeth
        
        1 more item...
        
        P
        
        ROLES
        
        Bone health- strength + rigidity
        
        Fluid balance- intracellular anionic electrolyte
        
        Blood- Blood buffer,
        
        Tissues- Phospholipids, lipoproteins, ATP, coenzyme activation
        
        ABSORPTION
        
        INCREASED BY:
        
        Vit D
        
        DECREASED BY:
        
        Phytates/Mg/Fe
        
        Compete for same absorption site
        
        DEFICIENCY
        
        Uncommon in N. America due to balanced diet
        
        FOOD SOURCES
        
        Legumes
        
        Salmon
        
        Sunflower seeds
        
        Ca
        
        ROLES
        
        Blood Ca balance,
        
        Bone and teeth health
        
        Nerve transmission
        
        Muscle contraction
        
        BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
        
        Falling blood Ca levels
        
        Signals the parathyroid glands to secrete
        
        PARATHYROID hormone
        
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        GOAL= Raise blood Ca levels to prevent calcium tetany in muscles
        
        Rising blood Ca levels
        
        Signals thyroid glands to secrete
        
        CALCITONIN hormone
        
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        GOAL= Lower blood Ca levels to prevent calcium rigour in muscles
        
        ABSORPTION
        
        INCREASED BY:
        
        Lactose
        
        Forms absorbable complex
        
        Younger age
        
        Younger people absorb better than elderly
        
        Increasing demand
        
        Higher demand > more absorbed
        
        Active Vit D
        
        Allows for transcellular absorption
        
        Estrogen enhances synthesis of active Vit D
        
        DECREASED BY:
        
        Supplements
        
        Mg, P, Fe, Z supplement intakes
        
        Ca supplements > 500mg can decrease absorption
        
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        Food intake
        
        Very high fat
        
        Vit D deficiency
        
        High fibre
        
        Polyphenols
        
        Age
        
        Old: Decreased stomach acidity + decreased efficiency of absorption
        
        Reach menopause: Lower estrogen levels > reduced synthesis of active Vit D
        
        DEFICIENCY
        
        Consequence: OSTEOPOROSIS
        
        RISK FACTORS
        
        Age
        
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        Genetics
        
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        Bones mass
        
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        Weight
        
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        Gender
        
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        Nutrition
        
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        Smoking/Alcohol Intake
        
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        REDUCING RISK OF BONE FRACTURE
        
        MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
        
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        ALL ADULTS
        
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        YOUNG WOMEN
        
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        Very common
        
        TOXICITY
        
        Consequence: HYPERCALCEMIA
        
        High Ca levels in
        
        Urine
        
        Blood
        
        Ca deposits in soft tissues > organ damage
        
        UL: 2500 mg
        
        Highest risk
        
        Individuals with kidney disease
        
        FOOD SOURCES
        
        Sardines with bones
        
        Tofu with Ca salt
        
        Milk products, fortified alternatives
        
        Hard water
    - - VIT K
        
        ROLES
        
        blood clotting
        
        especially important for infants
        
        prevent hemorrhanging
        
        calcium mineralization of bone
        
        increased bone density
        
        DEFICIENCY
        
        Risk
        
        Infants
        
        High risk
        
        No vit K synthesized at birth- sterile gut
        
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        Low levels in breast milk
        
        Adults
        
        rare
        
        usually due to antibiotics
        
        people with malabsorption conditions
        
        Excessively high Vit E intake
        
        can impair Vit K's role in blood clotting
        
        TOXICITY
        
        non-toxic
        
        rare
        
        symptoms
        
        hemolysis
        
        jaundice
        
        brain damage
        
        coagulation effects can hinder effects of anticoagulant medications
        
        STABILITY
        
        Very stable even during cooking
        
        SOURCES
        
        FOOD SOURCES
        
        Leafy green vegetables
        
        Liver
        
        Cauliflower
        
        NON FOOD SOURCES
        
        Bacterial synthesis of VIT K in the large intestine
      - VIT D
        
        Distinction: FAT SOLUBLE
        
        Factors influencing synthesis
        
        Age
        
        Pollution
        
        Skin colour
        
        Location
        
        Time of day
        
        SPF sunscreen >8
        
        ROLES
        
        Regulation of blood Ca levels
        
        via
        
        CALCITRIOL
        
        3 major sites of action:
        
        4 more items...
        
        Active form of Vit D
        
        Bone mineralization
        
        Enables absorption of Ca
        
        Immune functioning
        
        D
        
        Active Vit D= CALCITRIOL HORMONE
        
        DEFICIENCY
        
        Adults:
        
        OSTEOMALACIA
        
        AKA: Soft bones
        
        Osteoid doesn't mineralize properly and accumulates
        
        Leads to
        
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        Bone is soft and flexible
        
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        Osteoid= Protein matrix secreted by osteoblasts
        
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        CAUSES
        
        Disease: Kidney, liver, intestinal
        
        Low intake of Vit D
        
        Repeated pregnancies over short time
        
        TREATMENT
        
        Controlled exposure to sun
        
        Increased dietary intake of vitamin D
        
        Children:
        
        RICKETS
        
        Improper mineralization and shaping of bones
        
        often leads to infant having
        
        1 more item...
        
        Increasing prevalence in Canadian children
        
        TOXICITY
        
        Likely cause is
        
        Supplement use
        
        Dangerous when: 250 ug/day for extended time
        
        Dangerous for infants
        
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        Consequences:
        
        HYPERCALCEMIA
        
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        Advised when: Live in a place with limited sun exposure. Diet low in Vit D rich foods
        
        If your Vit D levels are too low, difficulty absorbing Ca
        
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        Food and solar sources = non toxic
        
        FOOD SOURCES
        
        Fortified dairy products and milk alternatives
        
        Fatty fish
        
        Liver
- - - - Lace like
      - Low density
      - Dynamic and sensitive to hormones
      - Ends of long bones
        
        Arms/legs
      - Inside flat bones
        
        Ribs/skull
      - Pelvis bones
      - Spinal vertebrae
    - - MINERAL CRYSTALS
        
        contribute to
        
        strength
      - PROTEIN MATRIX (OSTEOID)
        
        contribute to
        
        flexibility
  - - - Ivory like
      - Dense/strong
      - Outer surface of all bones
      - Small bones
        
        Foot/wrist/hand
- - - - Rigidity
      - Strength
  - - - Flexibility
- - - - BONES CONTAIN
        
        Cartilage
        
        Connective tissues
        
        Nerves
        
        Mineral crystals
        
        Found in a collagen matrix
        
        Also known as an osteoid
        
        Bone marrow
        
        which makes
        
        White blood cells
        
        Platelets
        
        Red blood cells
      - BONES ARE
        
        Metabolically active tissues
        
        Osteoblast cells
        
        Build
        
        Osteoclast cells
        
        Crumble
        
        Strong and flexible
    - - Skeleton protects internal organs
      - Jaw bone and teeth allow for chewing
      - Muscles attach to bones via tendons
      - Organs hang from bones
- - - - Used because its
        
        Gold standard measure
        
        Non invasive
        
        Painless
        
        Efficient
        
        Low exposure to x-ray radiation
        
        Scans entire body or specific area
      - Generates a
        
        T score
        
        Compares with a healthy 30 year old of same gender and race
        
        3 possible outcomes
        
        OSTEOPENIA
        
        T score: -1 to -2.5
        
        Low bone mass
        
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        OSTEOPOROSIS
        
        T score: Lower than -2.5
        
        Increased risk of fracture
        
        NORMAL
        
        Normal
        
        T score: +1 to -1
    - - Uses
        
        Sounds waves to measure bone density
        
        Used because its
        
        Non invasive
        
        Painless
        
        Used for
        
        Screening
        
        Not for diagnostic use
    - - Measures bone density in
        
        heel/wrist/finger
      - Used for
        
        Screening only
      - Used because its
        
        Non invasive
        
        Painless