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BIOS (Peripheral (PROCESSOR (Measuring of a processor (SOCKET TYPELink…

- - - - CPU
      - FIRMWARE
      - MEMORY
      - EXPANSION SLOTS
      - CONNECTORS
  - - - The main chip on the Motherboard
      - For computer operations and is in charge of the electronics
    - - Dedicated to generate graphics, like calculation 3D plots...
    - - CODE NAME
        
        The code name of a processor is the name of the micro-architecture of the processor and the micro-architecture defines a lot of features. for example: 32 or 64 bit processor ? is it running 2 cores or 4 cores... ? What the speed range ? What type of caching does it use ? Is there an integrated graphic with if (GPU) ? To must seeetext
      - SOCKET TYPELink Title
        
        This is the size and the shape of the socket into wich you plug in the CPU
        
        TYPES
        
        LGA
        
        Works with INTEL
        
        PGA
        
        Works with AMD
        
        FM
        
        Works with AMD that has a graphics capability
      - PROCESSOR CACHES
        
        We can had more than 1 cache on the processor. Adding more cache in the CPU while give us more speed of execution process
        SEE THE VIDEOLink Title
        
        Is a little bit of Ram that we put in the CPU to execute more rapidly the tasks and is called a Static RAMExecution Software Process
      - SPEED
        
        NOTE : That The speed of the CPU is driven by the System Crystal witch has the Motherboard Speed
      - Number of cores
      - NAME
        
        Intel
        
        AMD
      - CPU EXTENSION
        
        VIRTUALISATION SUPPORT
        
        If you set on the Virtualisation Support, it will take a memory from your RAM and it takes a lot of work from RAM and CPU
        
        GPU
        
        Is a tiny littre video card
  - - - STATIC RAM
        
        Is the RAM that we found in on the GPU, and with it we can speed things up
      - DYNAMIC RAM
        
        is the RAM That we know
        
        DEFINITION: Is the temporary storage where the program run when the PC is On
        
        MEASURING THE RAM
        
        CAPACITY
        
        SPEED
        
        TYPES OF DYNAMIC RAM
        
        DDR3 SDRAM
        
        SAME LOGIC
        
        SDRAM
        
        Old RAM Version, and has a clock speed as the CPU has one
        
        DDR SDRAM (Double data rate SDRAM)
        
        Is faster than the SDRAM, So for each click on the clock in the system clock, you got 2 RAM clocks. Is a way to speed the Ram without having a faster motherboard. AS for the Microprocessor.
        
        NOTICE: To know the DDR SDRAM Speed you need. You have to take the Motherboard speed and then you double it and then you multiply the result by 8. Ex: for 100MH of Motherboard, you need 200MH * 8 = DDR SDRAM Speed. ==) PC ...
        
        DDR2 SDRAM
        
        It:s more faster than the DDR SDRAM
        
        NOTICE: You have to multiple the result from the DDR SDRAM by *2 as now it is DDR2 SDRAM
        
        OTHER KIND OF RAM
        
        RAMBUS RAM
        
        SINGLE-SIDED RAM
        
        SINGLE SIDED MEMORY
        
        DOUBLE-SIDED RAM
        
        DOUBLE SIDED MEMORY
        
        ECC OR PARITY MEMORY
        
        Is designed for Error Correction and used by big servers
        
        SODIMM
        
        Is invented for laptops more than anything else
        
        :warning: INSTALLATION: You have to look at the Motherboard book or online documentation of the manufacturer to know witch capacity of RAM your motherboard can handle. EX: You can have a Motherboard that can handle only 8GB RAM sticks. So you can't put a 16GB RAM on the RAM.
        
        :pen:The RAM Capacity is additive. If you have 2 sticks of 8GB RAM, than you have 16GB of RAM
        
        :check:The 1st thing you can do to improve PC performance
        
        :check: The faster the RAM is better So go to the faster RAM, you can afford
        
        CHANNELS
        
        TYPES
        
        QUAD-CHANNEL MEMORY
        
        TRIPLE-CHANEL MEMORY
        
        DUAL-CHANNEL MEMORY
        
        DEFINITION
        
        Is how much STICK-CHANNEL do you have on your motherboard
        
        :warning:Every Stick Memory in each Channel of the Motherboard has to have the same SPEED and the same CAPACITY
        
        :warning: Make sure that you purchase the good Type of RAM witch match perfectly with the interior design of the Motherboard EX: for laptop motherboard can require an SODIMM RAM, because it's more compact
        
        :fire:If there is no RAM or any of them work or all of them don't work or you messed up with you RAM Installation, then the computer will not boot at all
        
        :fire: Sometimes, you don't see the RAM that you just add
    - - :explode:2 AREAS
        
        INSTALLATION ERROR
        
        WHY
        
        You made a mistake when you installing RAM or adding RAM
        
        THINGS JUST SUDDENLY GO POOF
      - :smiley:REPAIR STEPS
        
        :lock:1: LOOK AT HOW MANY RAM CAN SEE WINDOWS
        
        TO know that, found the value of Installed Memory (RAM) on the system properties Ex: If you see 8GB installed RAM and you've put 16GB of RAM, then you will that you have probably missed the RAM
        
        :lock:2: IF YOU WANT TO UPGRADE, REPLACE OR ADDING A RAM
        
        :check:YOU HAVE TO DESCRIBE :
        
        What RAM IN THERE
        
        HOW MANY RAM STICKS DO YOU HAVE
        
        WHAT TYPE OF RAM
        
        RAM MEMORY
        
        RAM SPEED
        
        HOW MANY CHANNEL
        
        THE TYPE OF THE MOTHERNOARD AND ITS SPEED
        
        :unlock::WHERE YOU CAN FOUND THESES INFORMATIONS
        
        1: GO TO THE CPU-Z
        
        2: LOOK AT THE SPD: SEREAL PRESENCE DETECT
        
        :lock:3: IF THE RAM IS DEAD
        
        :red_flag:SYMPTOMS
        
        YOU CAN GET A BLUE SCREEN OF DEAD
        
        SYSTEM SIMPLY LOCKS UP OUT OF NOWHERE
        
        REBOOTS
        
        COMPLETE FREEZES
        
        MELTING SCREEN: THE SCREEN STARTS TO DECAY
        
        :!:NOTICE: ALL OF THESES ERRORS POINT TO BAD RAM
        
        :unlock:SOLUTION
        
        YOU GONNA USE THE MEMORY TESTING TOOLS
        
        :!:ONLY FOR THOSE HOW HAVE WINDOW 7 AND PLUS (+)
        
        :check:PROCEDURE
        
        1: GO TO CONTROL PANEL
        
        1 more item...
        
        2: PROCEED BY ELIMINATION
        
        YOU GONNA USE MEMTEST86
        
        :!:ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE HOW HAVE LESS THAN WINDOW 7
        
        :check:PROCEDURE
        
        1: MAKE AN MEMTEST86 ISO DISK
        
        2: BOOT THE COMPUTER WITH IT
        
        3: PROCEED BY ELIMINATION
        
        :star::THIS IS ALSO USED TO KNOW IF YOU HAVE A BAD MEMORY
        
        :lock:IF YOU DON'T HAVE A RAM OR THE RAM IS NOT PROPERLY INTSALLED
        
        :red_flag:SYMPTOME
        
        WHEN YOU TURNED ON THE COMPUTER, THE POST WILL GIVE A BEEEEEEEEEEE-EEEEEEEEP AND IT WILL NOT STOP
  - - - HARD DISK DRIVE(HDD)
      - SOLID-STATE DRIVE (SSD)
  - - - HDD OR SDD
      - OPTICAL DRIVE
      - MEDIA CARD READER
  - - - CPU FANS
      - GRAPHICS CARD FANS
      - OTHER FANS
      - CASE FANS
      - CHIPSET FANS
  - - - PASSIVE LIQUID COOLING
      - ACTIVE LIQUID COOLING
  - - - THE CLOCK
        
        SUPPLY THE TIME TO THE BIOS
      - CMOS
        
        :!: IT IS ADDITIONAL FOR THE BIOS. SO YOU CAN DON"T HAVE ONE**
      - POST
        
        :pen:WHEN YOU TURN ON YOUR COMPUTER, THE POWER GOOD WIRE GIVES THE ELECTRICITY TO THE CPU, AND THEN THE FIRST THING THAT THE CPU DOES IS TURNING ON A SYSTEM CALLED POST
        
        :pen:IN ESSENCE, THE CPU GOES OUT, ALL THROUGH THE MOTHERBOARD AND MAKES A BIG ANNOUCEMENT SAYING "IF YOU CAN HEARD ME, CHECK YOURSELF OUT"* AND ALL THE DIFFERENT PERIPHERALS GO TO THE PROCESS CALLED POST. SO THE CPU VERIFY IF ALL IS IN THE GOOD ORDER AND IS IN THE GOOD SHAPE
        
        :lock:POST STEPS PROCESSING AND DETECTION OF ISSUES Link Title
        
        :lock:The POST DON'T DETECT ANY VIDEO GRAPHIC CARD
        
        :unlock:IF THE POST DOESN'T FOUND THE VIDEO CARD, THEN YOU WILL HEARD 3-4 BIPS "CALLED VIDEO CARD BEEP CODE" BUT BE AWARE, LOOK AT THE BIP CODE DOCUMENTATION OF YOUR MANUFACTURER TO BE SURE OF THAT. AND OBVIOUSLY, IF THE VIDEO CARD DOESN'T WORK, YOU CANNOT SEE THROUGH THE MONITOR TO KNOW WHAT'S GOES WRONG. SO YOU HAVE TO USE A POST CARD
        
        :lock:IF YOU HAVE A VIDEO CARD AND YOU CAN SEE THE POST ON THE SCEEN **
        
        :unlock:SOLUTION
        
        1: CHECK ON THE POST SCREEN
        
        CPU INFORMATION
        
        RAM INFORMATION
        
        MODEL OF BIOS
        
        MOTHERBOARD MODEL
        
        RAM CHECK
        
        USB INITIALIZATION
        
        HARD DRIVE DETECTION
        
        ERRORS DETECTION INFORMATION
        
        BRAND OF THE BIOS MANUFACTURER
        
        3: DO HALT ON ALL ERRORS
        
        PRESS F1
        
        2: CHECK THE ERROR DETECTION INFORMATION
        
        :lock:IF YOU DON'T HAVE ANY INFORMATION OR BEEP CODE
        
        IF YOU TURN ON YOUR PC AND DON'T HAVE ANY INFORMATION OR NOTHING HAPPEN. THEN YOU SHOULD USE BUILT-IN POST CARD. TO KNOW THE BEEP CODE MEANING, YOU SHOULD KNOW THE MANUFACTURER BIOS, THE VERSION OF THE BIOS. YOU CAN GET THIS INFORMATION WHEN YOU TURN ON THE POST ON THE SCREEN, AND THEN GO ONLINE TO FOUND THE BIP CODE.OTHERWISE YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT THE MANUFACTURER MOTHERBOARD BOOK OR CLLING THE MANUFACTURER
        
        TO BE ABLE TO SEE THE POST SCREEN, PRESS ON TAB OR ESCAPE.
        
        :warning:YOU NEED TO HAVE A PIEZOELECTRIC SPEAKER TO HEARD THE POST BIIIIIPS, IF YOU DON'T: BUY IT OFTEN, IT DOESN'T' COME WITH THE MODERN MOTHERBOARD
        
        :lock:CONFIGURE AND APPLY BIOS SETTINGS AND THE TOOL WE USE IS THE SYSTEM SETUP (OR CMOS)
      - SYSTEM SET-UP (CMOS)
        
        :pen:CONTROLS THE CHANGEABLE ASPECTS OF BIOS
        
        :lock:CONFIGURE AND APPLY BIOS SETTINGS
        
        :pen:THE TOOL WE USE IS THE SYSTEM SETUP (OR CMOS)
        
        SETTING SUPERVISOR PASSWORD
        
        COMES UP ANYTIME ANYONE TRIES TO GET INTO THE SYSTEM SETUP
        
        USER PASSWORD
        
        COMES UP EVERY TIME SOMEONE BOOTS THE COMPUTER IS A PASSWORD BEFORE THE WINDOWS LOGIN
        
        BOOT ORDER
        
        WE CAN SET UP THE BOOT ORDER
        
        :fire:TROUBLESHOOTING THE BIOSLink Title
        
        :lock:YOU FORGET THE SUPERVISOR PASSWORD
        
        :unlock:use The Little Jumper SWitch CALLED CMOS CLEAR. You Can Found It In The Motherboard Itself To Clear The Changeable Information Of The Cmos (Bios)
        
        :lock:YOUR CLOCK STARTS TO SLOW DOWN
        
        :pen:IF YOU KEEP NOTICING THAT THE CLOCK IS A LITTLE BIT SLOWER
        
        :unlock:CHANGE THE CLOCK
        
        :lock:UPDATING AND FLASHING THE BIOS
        
        :pen:UPDATING THE BIOS IS SOMETHING THAT YOU NEED TO DO SOME TIMES IN A YEAR. IT'S IMPORTANT!
        
        :pen:FLASHING THE BIOS IS LITERALLY TAKING ALL THE INFORMATION IN THE BIOS AND REWRITING CODE ON IT
        
        :pen:IT'S PRETTY DANGEROUS THING TO GO FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU DO THAT AND DURING THE PROCESS THE POWER SHUT DOWN, THEN SAY "GOODBYE" TO YOUR MOTHERBOARD, BUT SOME VERY LITTLE NUMBER MOTHERBOARDS HAS A SYSTEM CALLED "REMOVABLE BIOS"**
        
        :pen:WE UPDATE THE BIOS FOR EXAMPLE: IF INTEL COMES OUT WITH NEW I7 FASTER THAN WHAT MY MOTHERBOARD KNOWS, THEN IF THE MOTHERBOARD CAN SUPPORT IT, SO WE NEED TO UPDATE THE BIOS TO BE ABLE TO TAKE ONE NEWER CPUs.
        
        :unlock:SOLUTION
        
        YOU CAN GO TO THE BIOS SETTING AND DO IT
        
        YOU CAN ALSO GO TO THE MANUFACTURER'S WEBSITE AND USUALLY DOWNLOAD A LITTLE BOOT-ABLE TOOL AND THEN YOU BOOT IT
        
        YOU CAN MAKE A COPY OF YOUR BIOS ON A THUMB DRIVE, INSERT IT IN THE USB BIOS PORT THEN REBOOT THE SYSTEM. IT WILL BE REWRITE THE BIOS IT'S A GOOD WAY TO CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEM WHEREVER YOU MESS WHEN YOU WAS UPDATING THE BIOS
        
        :warning:ALWAYS SAVE A COPY OF YOUR (OLD) BIOS IF YOU CAN
        
        :!:SOME MOTHERBOARD'S MANUFACTURER TODAY SELL A MOTHERBOARD WITH DUAL BIOS (2 ROMs), ONE ROM CHIP IS THE UPDATE ROM CHIP THAT WE USE ALL THE TIME, AND THE OTHER ONE IS A BACKUP ROM CHIP. SO IF YOU MESS UP THE FIRST ONE YOU CAN SWITCH OVER TO YOUR BASE ROM
    - - :!:IT IS A WIRE THAT RUNS FROM THE POWER SUPPLY TO THE CPU WHEN YOU TURN ON YOUR PC AND IT IS NOT IN THE BIOS CHIP, IS JUST A WIRE
- - - - BOOTLOADER
        
        Operating SystemLink Title
        
        CUILink Title
        
        GUILink Title
- - - - ATX FORM
        
        AT FORM FACTOR
        
        AT(X) FORM FACTOR DEFINE THE MOTHERBOARD SIZE AND ALSO THE POWER SUPPLY IN TERMS OF THE TYPE OF CONNECTIONS THAT ARE USED AS WELL AS THE FRONT DIMENSION. FOR EXAMPLE: FOR ATX YOU WILL NEED THE ATX POWER SUPPLY
        
        :pen:FORM FACTOR WAS STANDARDIZED BY ABM
        
        :pen:THIS FORM FACTOR WAS CREATED BY IBM AND WAS FAMOUS IN THE 10 FIRST YEARS OF THE COMPUTER WORLD (HISTORY)
        
        :pen:THE FIRST STANDARDIZATION FORM OF THE MOTHERBOARD
        
        MACRO ATX
        
        MICRO ATX
        
        FLEX ATX
        
        :pen:IT IS THE MOST TINY ATX FORM
        
        :pen:IT'S USED FOR THINGS WHERE YOU JUST NEEDED KIND OF A SINGLE PURPOSE CLIENT TO HANDLE 1 PARTICULAR JOB
        
        ATX FORM FACTOR
        
        FULL SIZE ATX MOTHERBOARD
      - OUTPUT/INPUT AREALink Title
        
        IT A PIECE THAT ALWAYS COME WITH THE MOTHERBOARD
      - ITX FORM
        
        :pen:THE ALL 3 VERSIONS ARE A SUB-VERSION IF THE FULL SIZE ITX
        
        MINI-ITX VERSION
        
        :pen:IT'S VERY VERY CLOSE TO THE ATX
        
        :pen:IT'S DESIGNED FOR VERY VERY LOW POWER
        
        :pen:YOU CAN PLOT IN AN AC ADAPTER, OR A STANDARD P1 CONNECTOR AS WELL
        
        NANO ITX
        
        PICO ITX
      - :pen:MAKE SURE THAT YOU HAVE THE GOOD POWER SUPPLY
    - - :pen:A CHIPSET IS A CHIP CONSTITUTED BY A SET OF CHIPS. IT REPLACE A LARGER AMOUNT OF CHIPS.
      - TYPES OF CHIPSETS
        
        NORTHBRIDGE CHIPSET
        
        :pen:THE NORTHBRIDGE WAS TYPICALY USED FOR ANY FUNCTION THAT REQUIRED SPEED AND A MORE DIRECT CONNECTION TO THE CPU
        
        :pen:THE NORTHBRIDGE IS LOCATED IN THE UPPER OR NORTHERN PART OF THE MOTHERBOARD, NEAR THE CPU
        
        IS CONNECTED TO
        
        MEMORY
        
        AGP OR PCI EXPRESS SLOTS
        
        CPU
        
        :pen:SO IN ORDER TO THE CPU TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE MEMORY AND THE AGP OR PCI EXPRESS BUS, IT HAS TO GO THROUGH THE NORTHBRIDGE FIRST
        
        :pen:THE NORTHBRIDGE ACT LIKE A COMMUNICATION MIDDLEMAN BETWEEN THE CPU, MEMORY AND AGP OR PCI-EXPRESS
        
        SOUTHBRIDGE CHIPSET
        
        :pen:SOUTHBRIDGE CHIPSET WAS OFTEN USED FOR SLOWER OR OLDER FUNCTIONS THAT DIDN'T REQUIRE AS MUCH POWER
        
        :pen:THE SOUTHBRIDGE IS LOCATED NEAR TO THE PCI BUS SLOTS
        
        IS CONNECTED TO
        
        PCI BUS SLOTS
        
        SATA
        
        IDE CONNECTORS
        
        USB PORTS
        
        :pen: THE SOUTHBRIDGE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOWER PORTION OF THE MOTHERBOARD
        
        :!:THERE IS NO CONNECTION BETWEEN CPU AND THE LOWER PORTION OF THE MOTHERBOARD (SOUTHBRIDGE)
        
        :pen:SO IF THE PCI, IDE OR SATA NEEDED TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE CPU, THE INFORMATION HAS TO GO THROUGH THE SOUTH BRIDGE AND THEN UP THROUGH THE NORTH BRIDGE AND THEN TO THE CPU
      - :pen:THE CHIPSET JOB IS TO CONTROL DATA FLOW BETWEEN THE CPU, THE PERIPHERALS, BUS SLOTS, AND MEMORY...
      - :pen:ALL THE DIFFEREN PARTS OF THE COMPUTER COMMUNICATE WITH THE CPU THROUGH THE CHIPSET
      - :pen:THE CHIPSET BASICALLY CONSISTS OF TWO CHIPS CALLED: NORTHBRIDGE (CHIP) AND THE OTHER ONE
        CALLED THE SOUTHBRIDGE (CHIP)
      - :!:THE NORTHBRIDGE IS FASTER THAN THE SOUTHBRIDGE
    - - :pen:BOTH OF NORTHBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE MAKE THESE CONNECTIONS TO VARIOS PARTS OF THE MOTHERBOARD USING PATHWAYS CALLED A BUS
      - :pen:A BUS IS SIMPLY A SET OF PATHWAYS THAT ALLOES DATA AND SIGNALS TO TRAVEL BETWEEN COMPONENTS ON THE MOTHERBOARD
      - :pen:THE MOTHERBOARD CONTAINS SEVERAL KINDS OF BUSES THAT VARY IN SPEED AND BANDWIDTH. for example if a bus speed is set to operate at 66MHZ THEN THAT MEANS THAT, THAT PARTICULAR BUS CAN SEND DATA AT 66 MILION CYCLES PER SECOND
      - :PEN:THE HIGHER THE BUS SPEED THE FASTER THE COMPUTER CAN SEND DATA WICH IMPROVES THE PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPUTER
      - MOTHERBOARD BUS SPEED
        
        REFERS TO
        
        THE SPEED OF THE FRONT SIDE BUS #
      - :pen: THE FRONT SIDE BUS IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CPU AND THE NORTHBRIDGE CHIPSET
    - - :pen:WHEN IBM INVENTED THE EXPANSION SLOTS, IT CAMES UP WE THE IDEA THAT PEOPLE WOULD NEED MORE AND SPECIALIZED HARDWARE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF PCs BASED ON WHAT THEY NEED
      - :PEN:NOW, ALL PCs HAVE ALWAYS COME WITH SOME KIND OF BUILT IN SLOTS
      - :pen:YOU CAN GET THE HARD DRIVE YOU NEED IT AND PLUG IT IN YOUR SYSTEM
      - KIND OF EXPANSION SLOTS (OR BUS SLOTS)
        
        PCI SLOTS
        
        TYPES OF PC
        
        2nd GENERATION OF PC
        
        PCI-X
        
        64 BITS-WIDE
        
        3 more items...
        
        PCI
        
        32 BITS-WIDE
        
        2 more items...
        
        MINI-PCI
        
        32 BITS-WIDE
        
        3 more items...
        
        :PEN: PCI SLOTS CAN RUN BETWEEN 133 AND 533 MB/s
        
        AGP CARD OR ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT
        
        :PEN: AS THE COMPUTER GOES FASTER. A LOT OF USERS USE THEIR COMPUTERS FOR HIRE END AND GRAPHIC APPLICATIONS SUCH AS GAMING. AND AS COMPUTER BECOME GRAPHICALLY MORE ORIENTED. FASTER SLOTS WAS DEVELOPED THE AGP CARD THAT IS ONLY CREATED, USED FOR VIDEO CARD
        
        :PEN:IS FASTER THAN THE PCI
        
        :PEN:IT WAS USED WITH THE PCIs AGP ONLY FOR VIDEO CARD, AND THE OTHER EXPANSION SLOTS(BUS SLOTS) ARE PCI
        
        3rd GENERATION OF PC SLOTS (LANE)
        
        PCI-EXPRESS
        
        :PEN:PCI-EXPRESS USE A SERIAL COMMUNICATION
        
        :PEN:THE NEXT GENERATION OF PCI AND IT IS FASTER THAN PCI, PCI-X AND MINI-PCI
        
        :PEN:RUNNING UP TO 4GB/s
        
        :PEN:REPLACE PCI AND AGP AND IT USED FOR VIDEO CARD AS FOR THE OTHER EXTENSIONS
        
        1 more item...
        
        IF YOU WANT TO DETERMINE THE SPEED ON PCI EXPRESS. YOU TAKE THE SPEED OF THE LANE * THE NUMBER OF LANES
        
        THE BEAUTIFUL PART OF PCI-EXPRESS IS: IF YOU WANT MORE DATA YOU NEED JUST TO ADD MORE LANES
        
        :PEN:EACH LANE IS CONSIDERED AS A CONNECTION. FOR EXAMPLE: PCIe x4 == PCI EXPRESS WITH 4LANES = PCI EXPRESS WITH 4 ONE BIT LANE CONNECTIONS
        
        :PEN: PCI, PCI-X AND MINI-PCI... ARE HANDLE IT IN THE FORM OF PARALLEL COMMUNICATION
        
        :PEN:PCI-EXPRESS IS HANDLE IT IN THE FORM OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION
        
        :PEN:PCI SLOTS ARE CONSIDERED AS BUS SLOT
        
        1st GENERATION
        
        ISA
        
        8 BITS-WIDE
        
        ISA STANDARD
        
        16 BITS-WIDE
      - :PEN:ALL MOTHERBOARDS ARE EQUIPED WITH INPUT/OUTPUT BUS SLOTS
      - :PEN:TYPICALLY LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM NEAR OF THE MOTHERBOARD
      - :PEN:THEY ARE ALSO CALLED EXPANSION SLOTS, BECAUSE THEY ARE USED TO EXPAND THE CAPABILITY OF THE COMPUTER THE MOTHERBOARD DOESN'T CAME WITH A SOUND CARD OR GRAPHIC CARD OR USBCARD, SO YOU CAN EXPAND THE CAPABILITY OF THE COMPUTER BY ADDING THEM
      - :PEN:ALL MOTHERBOARDS ARE EQUIPED WITH INPUT/OUTPUT BUS SLOTS
    - - TYPES OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION
        
        SERIAL COMMUNICATION
        
        :PEN:IT'S THE NEW GENERATION OF COMMUNICATION
        
        :PEN:INSTEAD OF HAVING 32 WIRES (FOR 32 BITS BUS), WE WILL HAVE ONLY 1 WIRE WITCH CONTAIN THE 32 BITS
        
        :PEN:IT'S REALLY REALLY FASTER THAN PARALLEL COMMUNICATION
        
        :PEN:THE SENDER SEND A ONE BIT AT A TIME
        
        PARALLEL COMMUNICATION
        
        :PEN:PARALLEL COMMUNICATION IS USED IN THE CPI, CPI-X AND MINI-CPI FOR EACH BIT WE HAVE A WIRE. EX: FOR 32 BITS, THERE IS 32 WIRES (BUS), FOR 64, WE HAVE 64 WIRES (BUS)
        
        :PEN:THE SENDER SEND 32 OR 64 BITS AT A TIME
      - MEASURING UNIT OF THE COMMUNICATION
        
        32 BITS
        
        :PEN:MEANS EVERY SINGLE SIGNAL HAS 32 DEDICATED WIRES THAT SEND A PULSE OVER TO SOMETHING ELSE AND THEN IT READS THAT INFORMATION
        
        64 BITS
        
        :PEN:MEANS EVERY SINGLE SIGNAL HAS 32 DEDICATED WIRES THAT SEND A PULSE OVER TO SOMETHING ELSE AND THEN IT READS THAT INFORMATION
      - :PEN:SIGNAL COMMUNICATION IS THE COMMUNICATION WITCH HAPPENS FROM A PERIPHERAL TO THE OTHER BY A BUS OR A WIRE