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Community Ecology: examination of interactions between species affect…

- - - - commensalism (+/0): symbiotic interactions that benefits one species but neither harms or helps the other
        
        Ex:// algae on turtle shells
      - parasitism (+/-): symbiotic interaction in which one organism derives nourishment from another organism
        
        parasite vs host.
      - mutualism (+/+): symbiotic interaction that benefits both species; typically involve coevolution of related adaptations in both species.
        
        facultative: both species can survive alone
        
        obligate: one species cannot survive without other
    - - predator vs prey
- - - - Drastic process can take hundreds to thousands of years
      - Viable seeds not present in area
      - begins on bare rock substate
    - - Begins on substrate other than bare rock usually soil
      - Viable seeds are present in soil
      - Can go quickly or slow
- - - - Resource partitioning: differentiation of niches that enable two similar species to coexist in a community
      - Character displacement: hereditary changes evolve that bring out resource partitioning; characteristics are more divergent in two different species that live in the same community
      - Elimination: one of the species is eliminated from the niche (moves or dies)
  - - - Species Area Curve: the biodiversity pattern that shows the larger the geographic area of a community the more species it has
  - - - Primary consumers are herbivore that feed on photosynthetic plants
      - Secondary (and up) consumers are carnivores that feed or primary consumers
      - Primary producers are autotrophic organisms. They form the base of food chains
      - Decomposers feed on any level of chain and allow recycling of materials in a community. (animals, fungi, bacteria that break down organic matter)
    - - Top-down: influences from higher to lower trophic levels
      - Bottom-up: influences from lower to higher trophic levels (dominates most communities)