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Vaccines (Vaccination programs (Organised by government or global health…
Vaccines
Vaccination programs
Organised by government or global health organisations
Often inexpensive
Specific demographic receiving a particular vaccine
Smallpox vaccination programs
Eliminated in U.S.A, Canada, Japan, Australia United Kingdom
Due governments actively promoting vaccination program
World Health Organisation created Smallpox Eradication Programme (SEP) in 1960
Majority of populations in Asia and Africa were vaccinated
Continued for 14 years
Smallpox became only disease to become eradicated
Due to extensive coverage
Judgement: Extremely effective preventative measure
100% succesful in reducing occurence and spread
10-15 million cases of smallpox (annually) before 1968
Diphtheria Vaccination Program
Vaccination programs in Australia, United States, Europe eliminated disease (1940s)
Low vaccination rates for diptheria in Asia and Africa (1940s)
Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI) was a global vaccination program
As global vaccination rates increase, diphtheria cases decrease
Judgement: Extremely significant in reducing occurrence & spread
Later formed Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunisation (GAVI)
Judgement: Reduces spread and occurrence of 3 diseases
DTP3 vaccine was used
Both:
Inexpensive
Work with federal governments
Focused areas with diphtheria outbreaks
Judgment: Disparity highlights VP reduces spread and occurrence
Improve:
Education
Management in conflict areas
Cultural barriers
Barriers to vaccination programs
Conflict
eg Unstable immunisation program --> cases of polio in Nigeria
Miscommunication of importance of vaccines
eg Between 2013-2014 52% increase of mumps in U.S.A
Excessive strain on health care
eg Ebola outbreak in Liberia increased cases of measles
From 34 in 2014 to 1060 in 2015 (cases)
Poliomyelitis (polio) Vaccination Program
Expanded Program on Immunisation began in 1974
Federal government assist WHO
Aim to increase vaccination coverage of polio
Focus on areas with outbreaks
Provided free vaccination
EPI reduced rate of polio to 99%
Vaccination programs can cause outbreaks
Syria (2017) 74 people had circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV)
cVDPV caused by incredibly low herd immunity
Since 2000, 10 billion oral polio vaccine --> 3 billion children
Judgement: Effective although has slightly assisted spread and occurence
Rare --> only 24 outbreaks (since 2000)
How they prevent infections?