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Networking (Network Basics (Network Components (Client (A device that an…

- - - - A device that an end user uses to access a network
    - - Serves up resources to the network
    - - Interconnects network components without discretion
    - - Interconnects network components with discretion
    - - Intelligently forwards traffic based on a routing table
    - - Items such as Copper Cabling, Fiber Optics, or wireless communication
  - - - A network transporting multiple types of traffic (voice, video, and data)
    - - Local area network components within a local region
    - - Wide area network link for interconnecting other networks
    - - Campus area network connecting multiple LANs for a specific campus
    - - Metropolitan area network which connects LANs and CANs
    - - Personal area network which links a personal computer to a specific media (video camera, phone, etc.)
  - - - Traffic circles around the network in a single direction
    - - Individual devices "tap" into a single network cable
    - - Individual devices are connected via a single network component
    - - Individual WAN/CAN links connect to a central WAN link
    - - Every WAN/LAN is directly connected to most of the others
    - - Every WAN/LAN is directly connected to each other
  - - - Clients share a common set of resources located on dedicated servers
    - - Interconnected devices allowing their resources to be shared with each other
- - - - Layer 1: Physical Layer
        
        Transmission of data on the network
        
        Bits represented on the medium
        
        Presence/Absence of voltage
        
        Presence/Absence of light
        
        Wiring standards
        
        Physical topology
        
        Synchronizing bits
        
        Synchronous
        
        Synchronizes clocks of sender and receiver to insure agreement of transmission beginning and ending
        
        Asynchronous
        
        Sender sends start bit to receiver, then send the data, then send a stop bit
        
        Bandwidth usage
        
        Broadband
        
        Divide available bandwidth into different channels
        
        Cable modem
        
        Baseband
        
        Use all available frequencies for data transmission
        
        Ethernet
        
        Multiplexing strategy
        
        Allows multiple communication sessions to share the same medium
      - Layer 2: Data Link Layer
        
        Packaging and transmitting data, performing error detection/correction, identifying device with address, and handling flow control
        
        Media Access Control (MAC)
        
        Physical addressing
        
        MAC address
        
        48-bit address assigned to Network Interface Card (NIC)
        
        First 24-bits are the vendor code
        
        Logical topology
        
        Transmitting method
        
        Determines when a device is allowed to transmit on the media
        
        Logical Link Control (LLC)
        
        Connection Services
        
        Flow control
        
        Limits amount of data per sender at one time
        
        Error control
        
        Allows recipient to notify sender of missing/corrupted data frame
        
        Synchronizing transmissions
        
        Isochronous
        
        Single device responsible for being the clock source to create fixed-length time slots
        
        Uses less overhead than (A)Synchronous
        
        Asynchronous
      - Layer 3: Network Layer
        
        Logical addressing
        
        Uses routing protocol (Internet Protocol (IP) address)
        
        Switching
        
        Makes decisions on how data should be forwarded
        
        Packet Switching
        
        Dividing data stream into packets (also known as routing)
        
        Circuit Switching
        
        Brings up a dedicated communication link between two parties
        
        Message Switching
        
        Dividing data stream into messages with tagged destination addresses. Devices can store the message before sending which creates a lag (not ideal for Real-Time needs
        
        Route discovery and selection
        
        A router, using a routing table, indicates how to forward a packet based on the packet's destination network address
        
        Connection Services
        
        Flow Control
        
        Also known as congestion control which prevents the sender from sending data faster than the receiver can handle
        
        Packet reordering
        
        Places packets into an appropriate sequence as they are sent. Useful if the network uses load balancing
        
        Bandwidth usage
        
        Multiplexing strategy
      - Layer 4: Transport Layer
        
        TCP/UDP/ICMP
        
        Transmission Control Protocol
        
        Connection-oriented transport protocol which prrovides reliable transport allowing sender to detect dropped segments and retransmit them
        
        User Datagram Protocol
        
        Connectionless transport protocol which does not allow detection/retransmission of dropped sessions
        
        Internet Control Messaging Protocol
        
        Used by ping and traceroute
        
        Windowing
        
        One or more segments are sent at one time and the receiver can acknowledge the receipt of all the segments in the window with a single acknowledgement.
        
        Buffering
        
        A device allocates a chunk of memory (buffer or queue) to store segments if bandwidth is not currently available to transmit those segments. A queue can overflow, which results in dropped segments, in the event of sustained network congestion
      - Layer 5: Session Layer
        
        Setting up a session
        
        Checks user credentials
        
        Assigns unique identifier to a session's communication flow
        
        Negotiates services required
        
        Negotiates the initial sender
        
        Maintaining a session
        
        Transferring data
        
        Reestablishing a connection
        
        Acknowledging receipt of data
        
        Tearing down a session
        
        Mutual disconnection or single-sided disconnection
      - Layer 6: Presentation Layer
        
        Data formatting
        
        American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
        
        Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
        
        Encryption
      - Layer 7: Application Layer
        
        Application Services
        
        Services like file sharing and email
        
        Service Advertisement
        
        Application services send out advertisements to make the availability of their service known to other devices on the network
  - - - Layer 1: Network Interface
        
        Covers the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI Model
      - Layer 2: Internet
        
        Covers the Netiwrk layer of the OSI Model
      - Layer 3: Transport
      - Layer 4: Application