Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Vaccinations (Polio (Prevention (There are six different vaccines to stop…

- - - - Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) – protects against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3
      - Trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) – protects against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 - following the "OPV Switch" in April 2016, tOPV is no longer in use
      - Bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) – protects against poliovirus types 1, and 3
      - Monovalent oral polio vaccines (mOPV1, mOPV2 and mOPV3) – protect against each individual type of poliovirus, respectively
- - - - "Variola virus (VARV) is the causative agent of smallpox, a disease with a fatality rate of 30% that plagued humankind for millennia". - Essential Human Virology, 2016
      - Can it be treated?
        
        There is no cure for smallpox, but vaccination can be used very effectively to prevent infection from developing if given during a period of up to four days after a person has been exposed to the virus.
      - Are vaccines currently avaliable
        
        When the vaccines are given to humans, it protects them against smallpox.
  - - - The resulting spots become filled with clear fluid and later, pus, and then form a crust, which eventually dries up and falls off
    - - The speed of smallpox transmission is generally slower than for such diseases as measles or chickenpox.
- - - - Diphtheria toxoid is not given as a single injection, but rather is combined with tetanus toxoid and, often, pertussis vaccine in a preparation called Tdap, DTaP, Td, or DT.
        
        Effectiveness of the vaccine
        
        Since the introduction of effective immunisation, starting in the 1920s, diphtheria rates have dropped dramatically in the United States and other countries that vaccinate widely
    - - The main characteristics are sore throat, low fever and swollen glands in the neck, and the toxin may, in severe cases, cause myocarditis or peripheral neuropathy.
        
        It causes a membrane of dead tissue to build up over the throat and tonsils, making breathing and swallowing difficult.
        
        Even with full medical treatment, it causes death in up to 1 in 10 of those who get it
        
        Before a vaccine was introduced in 1942, diphtheria used to be a common childhood illness which killed an average of 3,500 children a year in the
        
        The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921, resulting in 15,520 deaths
        
        The overall case-fatality rate for diphtheria is 5%–10%, with higher death rates (up to 20%) among persons younger than 5 and older than 40 years of age
        
        Diphtheria is fatal in 5 - 10% of cases, with a higher mortality rate in young children.
    - - Treatment involves administering diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the effects of the toxin, as well as antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
    - - WHO recommends a 3-dose primary vaccination series with diphtheria containing vaccine followed by 3 booster doses.
        
        The primary series should begin as early as 6-week of age with subsequent doses given with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between doses
        
        The 3 booster doses should preferably be given during the second year of life (12-23 months), at 4-7 years and at 9-15 years of age.