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FOREIGN POLICY - FINAL YEARS (Events in Scotland 1540-47 (what happened…
FOREIGN POLICY - FINAL YEARS
Events in Scotland 1540-47
what happened and what was Henry's reaction?
Potential threat if Scotland retuned in 1540, intensified by James V pursuinf an actively pro-French policy
e.g. married Mary of Guise, relative of Francis
H attempted an agreement to guarantee security fir England against France and Scotland, but James humiliated Henry by not turning up to pre arranged talks
What did he do in 1542?
Sent Duke of Norfolk to attack the Scots, where they were defeated at Solway Moss
Over 1000 taken prisoner, James V absent as ill, but died a week later leaving 1 week old Mary (Queen of Scots)
Treaty of Greenwich
H proposed marriage of Edward to Mary, but too much for independent Scots so treaty collapsed
What happened in 1544-45?
Earl of Hertford (reform faction leader + Protector Somerset) led a series of raids in the border region, burning buildings and killing indiscriminately
Only served to further alienate Scots
assessment
By his death had prevented england and Soctland combing, but at great finacial cost, causing difficulties in mid-Tudors
Paid for by repeated requests to Parliament for subsidies and sale of monastic land
English involvement in Ireland during Henry VIII's reign
Problem
H regarded Ireland as a troublesome, rebellious part ofhis teriitories
It was closely connected to foreign policy as used for base for invading England
Fitzgeralds
leading Irish family, had started problem under HVII, suppporting Lambert Simnel and Burgundy against him
What happened in 1536?
Real English control was limited and in 1536m Thomas Fitzgerald led a rebellion against English Crown, declaring support for Charles and Pope
It was brutally put down, Fitzgeralds lost their power as Lord-Deputies
1540
A new kingdom of Ireland declared and Anthony St Leger was the first English governor
However, in practice he only controlled a small part around Dublin
Policy of Plantations
Henry tried to establish Royal authority by breaking down feudal territories and extending English common law
Its progress was slow, taking until the early 17th century to complete
assessment
Much brutality was shown and executiond were common
Henry's reign marked an important step as Ireland moved away from being a clan based gaelic structure to a more centralised monarchial state
English foreign policy in Europe 1540-47 - Third French War
What had happened by 1541 and what was result for England?
Charles and Francis at war again,with France allying with the Ottomand Turks
English allied with the Habsburgs, promising to invade France within 2 years
Main events
in
1544
Henry (severely physically limited, had to be winched on to horse) sailed to France with army of 48 000
Had agreed with Charles to march on Paris, but on arrival both followed their own plan, with Henry capturing Boulogne in Sept
Charles and Francis sign
Peace of Crépy
in sept also
Francis threatens to invade England, in 1545 this fails due toFrench incompetence, adverse winds and lack of base in England, he also tried to attack Boulogne, but failed here too
Settlement
Peace of Ardres - 1546
Henry able to keep Boulogne and France agree to pay all outstanding pensions by 1554
Aims
Revenge for being duped in previous wars
Prestige
Land
Successful?
Very expensive ~ £2 million
Paid for by :
dissolution of monasteries
debasement of coinage
large scale borrowing
It left a legacy of increased inflation and debt for his children
Assessment of Henry VIII's foreign policy
There were successes in the beginning and end if reign
However, long 'middle' period was dominated by arguement with Pope over divorce and the repercussions of the Reformation
england was not a powerful country and its geographical position meant it was isolated
Henry (and Wolsey and Cromwell) were at the mercy of events/alliances on the continent