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sources on early singapore before 1819 (written sources about SG before…

- - - - "at the time when sir stamford raffles came, there were less that 100 small houses and huts at mouth of river: but the temenggong's house was the only large one...about 30 families of Orang Laut (sea people) also lived in boats a little way up the river... there were few malays who lived near, their huts facing sea
      - pg 27
  - - - ...covered with remains of foundations of buildings, some composed of baked brick of good quality...among the ruins are found various descriptions of pottery, some of which are chinese and native, in same situation have been found chinese[brass] coins of 10th and 11th centuries
        
        singapore and china were trading partners. singapore was involved in trade with china
        
        Crawford also described a 10 foot tall( 3m . tall) granite boulder (rock or stone structure) located at eastern tip of south bank of Sg river. this boulder contained words inscribed in an unknown language
        
        the rocky structure he described is known as the Singapore Stone. in 1843, this granite boulder was demolished by British engineers who wanted to widen mouth of river for convenience of ships entering Singapore's harbour.
        
        only 3 fragments of the boulder were recovered by British. One of them is presently in the National Museum of Singapore. inscription on stone cannot be deciphered. historians believe that some info about sg's past had been written on it. it is now a national treasure
- - - - besides discovery of gold ornaments in 1926, oldest visible remains of past are remains of fort gate and old british cemetery. Keramat or ceremonial grave of iskandar shah was also found here. he was supposedly fifth ancient ruler of temasek. approximately 30000 artefacts from 14th century were recorded at site. glass beads form large proportion of these artefacts.
      - pg 34
    - - excavation in 1989 revealed large wooden plank and many wooden splinters, kitchenware porcelain shards from Qing Dynasty, stoneware shards, opium pots, fragments of opium pipes,marbles, toothbrush handles, printing blocks and flute. these artefacts were dated to 19th century
    - - site of istana kampong glam was excavated in early 2000 and excavations continued until mid 2003. earliest dated artefacts were VOC (dutch east indies company) coins and coins from qing dynasty. other artefacts recovered were mostly from 19th and 20th century
      - pg 35
    - - excavations between 1994 and 1995 revealed artefacts dating from before british colonial period. large collection of chinese porcelain dating from late 13th to early 15th century was discovered at site
    - - this site was made available for excavation in 1998. more info on pre-british singapore was found here. chinese porcelain dating from late 13th to 19th century was also found
    - - therefore, archaeology helps provide more evidence of what happened in past. historians use these archaeological evidence and other kkinds of sources to construct their historical conclusions