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Biology (Paper 1) (Organisation (Blood and the Circulation (Blood, Blood…
Biology (Paper 1)
Organisation
Levels of Organisation
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Tissues, Organs and Systems
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Cell Biology
Cell structure
A Typical Animal Cell-All cells have structures inside them. In an animal cell there is always (known as sub-cellular structures:
:star: a nucleus (controls the activities of the cell and contains the genetic material)
:star: cytoplasm (most of the chemical reactions happen here)
:star: a cell membrane (controls what enters and exits the cell) :star: mitochondria (aerobic respiration takes place here)
:star: ribosomes(proteins are synthesised=made)
Plant Cells-Have the same sub-cellular structures found in animal plant cells, plus:
:star: A cell wall (made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell)
:star: A permanent vacuole (filled up with sap, which supports the plant)
:star:Some cells contain chloroplasts which are used for photosynthesis
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A Typical Bacteria Cell-have many different shapes: round, rod-shaped, and spiral. Prokaryotic.Cytoplasm replaces the roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Plasmids can move from cell to cell enabling genes to be able to be moved between cells.
Investigating Cells
The Size of Cells-A typical plant cell may be about 0.1mm in diameter and an animal cell 0.02mm in diameter.
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Cell Division
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Stem Cells-Undifferentiated cells that can become differentiated into any specific cells. Sources:
:star: Bone marrow-Can make blood cells, limited uses, painful removal
:star: Embryos-Lots of different types of cells can be made, ethical issues
:star: Umbilical cord blood-No rejection by the body, storage issues
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