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5. The morphological system of English and Hungarian (Minor word-formation…
5. The morphological system of English and Hungarian
Typological difference
(based on how morphemes are concatenated to form words)
which of the three major types of operations is the most characteristic of the language
isolating (also analytic): separate words (more common)
Agglutinating: in a single word but easily separable (reading)
Fusional: in a single word but inseparable/infused (men-man)
The names of the types of morphological operations also serve as the names of the language types
English morphology is isolating (uses much fewer affixes than Hungarian especially in inflection: the same word has much fewer different forms)
Hungarian: agglutinating
Morpheme types
free root
when the root of the word can be understood separately as well (unbelievable-believable)
bound root
root of the word acnnot be understood (incredible- cred)
all affixes are bound
Affix types
According to position
Prefix (attached to the left: un-believable)
suffix (attached to the right: unbeliev-able)
According to function
derivational (creating a whole new word)
class-changing: changing the word class of the word( write-writer)
class-maintaining: producing a new word which has the same word class at the base word (un-believable)
derivation: uses both prefixes and suffixes in English, tipically only uses suffixes in Hungarian
inflectional (produces various forms of the same word)
e.g. past tense, plural of nouns, comparatives, adjectives...
uses inflectional affixes
Inflection: only uses suffixes and no prefixes in English, has two major subtypes in Hungarian
Definitions of lexeme, word form, paradigm
lexemes: lexical items
word forms: syntactic words different in form
paradigm: list of word forms
Major word-formation processes
Inflection
Derivation
(word formation by affixation)
Compounding
(the combination of 2 or more roots
Compound nouns (doghouse)
A+N (sick bag)
V+N (pickpocket)
A+A (bittersweet)
Prep + A (download)
N+ Prep (make-up)
Minor word-formation processes
Blending: random parts of 2 words combined (motel, brunch)
Back-formation: derivation or compounding applied backwards (edit, televise)
Clipping (abbreviation): a random part of a word removed to make the word shorter (prof. lab)
Acronym formation: the initials of words in a long expression combined (RSVP..)
Conversion: a word belonging to a certain class used as belonging to a different class without adding a derivational affix ((to)email)
Eponym formation: using the name of a person/place or brand name (proper noun) as a common noun (sandwich..)