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15.Ecology ((Ecosystems; All the plants and animals in an area interacting…
15.Ecology
- Ecosystems; All the plants and animals in an area interacting with each other and their environment.
- Eg. deserts, grasslands, seashores.
- Habitat; The area where a plant or animal lives.
- Ecology; The study of the relationships between plants, animals and their environment.
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- Abiotic features; environmental features of a habitat.
- Eg. temperature, wind direction, soil temperature.
- Instruments used to collect organisms.
- Pooter; suck organism into jar.
- Sweep net; sweep over long grass.
- Instruments used to estimate the number of organisms
- Quadrat; throw over shoulder and count organisms caught in it.
- Line transect; throw knotted rope over grass and count organisms that are in line with it.
- Pollution; the addition of unwanted materials to the environment.
- Water pollution;
- Untreated sewage; causes disease.
- Oil spills; kills birds and fish.
- Soil pollution
- Acid rain.
- Overuse of fertilisers.
- Improper dumping of waste.
- Air pollution;
- Less ozone; chemicals from aersols (CFCs; chloro-fluorocarbons); destroying the ozone layer.
- Acid rain.
- Greenhouse gases.
- Waste management;
- Reduce.
- Reuse.
- Recycle.
- Composting; returning organic waste to the soil.
- Attracts insects and maggots.
- Landfill; placing waste into holes in the ground.
- Attracts gulls, rats and mice; leaks into soil and lakes.
- Incineration; burning waste; forms ash.
- Releases toxic gases into the atmosphere.
- Problems of poor waste management
- Waste contains micro-organisms; disease.
- Chemicals from waste poison air, sea and soil.
- Nutrients from waste can uses up all of the oxygen in water; death of all organisms in the water.
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- Food chain; a list of organism in which each organism is eaten by the next.
- Eg. grass -> rabbit -> fox
- Food web; two or more interconnected food chains.
- Adaption; a structure of habit that helps
an organism to survive in its habitat.
- Eg. Worms are brown to blend in with soil.
- Eg. Primroses grow earlier in spring than
other plants to get more light.
- Competition; takes place when 2 or more organisms require something that is in short supply.
- Eg. grass vs dandelion; light.
- Eg. robin vs blackbird; food.
- Interdependence; living things depending on each other for survival.
- Animals depend on plants; food, shelter, oxygen.
- Animals depend on animals; food, protection.
- Plants depend on animals; pollination, seed dispersal.
- Plants depend on plants; shelter, support.
- P and A depend on decomposers; release chemicals from dead materials.
- Decomposers depend of P and A; food.
- Conservation; the protection and wise management of
natural resources to prevent living things becoming extinct.
- To prevent organisms from being wiped out.
- Plants make medicines.
- Future generations should have access to current resources.