Weimar and Nazi governments
Weimar Germany
the strengths and weaknesses of the Weimar govermant
Nazi Germany
hitlers consolidation of power
after ww2 the Kaiser fled from Germany and the Weimar government came into place
strengths of the Weimar goverment
weaknesses of the Weimar goverment
a bill of rights guaranteed freedom of speeh and equalty under law
all men and women over 20 were given the vote
their was an elected Reichstag and an elected president
proportional representation meant that the proportion of votes for each pary were represented in terms of seats allowing proportions of extremist parties to enter the reichstag
article 48 allowed laws to be passed without the riechstag vote in the case of emegency
the treaty of versailles
war guilt clause-made Germany accept blame for the entire war which also meant that they had to accept the costs of it
this was humiliating for Germany and allowed Germany to be a target for punishment
Reparations Germany had to pay reperations of 6600 million and 10% of industry was taken from them in addition
Military restrictions disabeled the airforce and limited the army was limited to 100,000 soldiers
Loss of territory Germany lost 13% of its land
the sparticist uprising
The sparticists were the german communist party they took control of berlin in 1919 for 2 days they had 33 newspapers
ebert used the freikorps which were a group of ex german soilders who were anticommunist in order to bring a stop to the uprising
the leaders of the sparticists were excecuted one being rosa luxemburg
Why was their so little support for the nazi party from 1924-1928 because stresseman became chancellor in 1923 and he set up the Dawes plan which helped deal with Germanies struggle to pay for repetitions by reducing payments to 50 million a year.stresseman brought about a new currency called the rentenmark to help deal with the issues of hyperinflation
The kapp putsch was an uprising of the freikorps
within the kapp putsch 365 members of the government were assassinated the kpp putsch was stopped by the communist workers going on strike
The crisis of 1923
the sudden flow of money in 1923 led on top of general strikes meant their was high quantities of money with very limited goods to purchase
prices of goods spiralled out of control and savings became worthless
the total worthlessness of Germanys currency was benefical to some had the opportunity to pay back debts
the crisis of 1923 made ordinary people begin to move towards more extreme parties for example the nazisy
Hitler joined the group called the german workers party becoming the leader and changing the name to the national socialists(Nazis)
the ideology's of the Nazis were
Lebensraum-the need for German living space to expand
a strong Germany-involving the abolishment of the treaty of versailles
fuhur the idea of a single leader
social Darwinism-the idea that the Aryan race was superior
autarky-Germany becoming selfsufficent
Germany was in danger from communists and jews and they needed to be destroyed
the Nazi policies appealed to
nationalists and racists
farmers
middle and lower class
wealth who were threaterned by the sharing of their wealth by the communists
propaganda
was run by joseph Goebbels and involved mass rallies, flying around Germany and a vast range of posters
Hitler tried to take advantage of the crisis Germany was in by instigating a revolution in Munich. It seemed like the perfect opportunity, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent imprisonment of Adolf Hitler.
the consequence of the munich putsch were
he had time to wrie his book mein kamf while in prison
he realised that a process of violence would not allow him to gain power and pushed him to follow a more political route
weimar culture
was less disciplined and popularity began to grow for music such as jazz
art begain more modern and conterverasl
otto dicks was one of the famous artists of the time
Bauhaus was situated within berlin which was a famous art and architecture school
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This culture was appealing to the rich,young and those who lived in the city it did not appeal to those who wanted to optain traditional german views
changes for women in Weimar republic
the Weimar republic stengthedned the rights of women making it clear that women had equal rights with men and theat all women were entitiled to enter any proffesion
however men were still paid 33 percent more than women
the birth rate was falling
the divorce rate was rising
the new changes for women was not approved of by the Nazis as they saw the womens role to clean and look after the children
how did the great depression change germany
falling shares in America meant peoples investments fell in value so thousands of Americas rushed to sell their shares within a week 4 million was lossed
American banks demanded money back from german industries
six million germans were unemployed and goverments becam incapable of paying any unemployment benefits their was an increase of violence by 24%
Brunning had to do something he was the leader of the centre parties his ideas caused aggravation as he raised taxes and cut unemployment benefits
many started to move towards the kpd communist party
what caused growing support for the Nazis how hitler became chancellor in 1933
hitlers speeches
promised he had the power to make other countries scrap the treaty of versailles
he promised to restore law and order
The uniform and sight of the SA
They struck fear into the germans as they used force to murder the communists
people thought they looked smart and important
The great depression and unemployment
many had lost companies and
many believed hitler and the Nazis would give them strength again
6million germans were unemployed
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Nazi properganda
goebells portrayed an image of strength and freedom from the treaty of Versailles within properganda
19333 hitler becomes the chancellor
The Reichstag fire later on in 1933 was sopossedly set up by the communist van de lubbe however was most likely started by the Nazi it was used to show the danger of communism and was used to ban the communists
only 44 percent of the reichstagvote for hitler gaining 288 seats
The enabling act was passed in 1933 and the sa intimated all non Nazi deputies in order to get this act passed
between may and june in 1933 power groups were removed and trade union leaders were arrested
the night of the long knives was the massacre of the sa by the ss in order to make the Nazis appeal to powerful army leaders
concordat was an agreement made with the pope which Nazis to take political power if they promised to not bother the catholic church
hitler announces himself as fuhrur head of the army,presidnet and chancellor
This involved the death of hitlers close friend and alliance rohm
Hitler feared rohm would betray him
he didn't approve of rohms socialist views
the leader of the army did not approve of rohm
rohm had an immense amount of power
incharge of 3 million
the protection of the people and the state allowed hitler to arrest the communists
religion
hitler wanted total control and did not like the control of the pope he made an agreement with the pope called the concordat agreement which allowed religious freedom if the catholics did not oppose the nazis
the reich church was a Nazi church for german Christians
the confessional church opposssed the Nazis leaders were sent to concentration camps
martin niemoller was the leader of the protestant confessional church and spoke out about the
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protestant opposition a group of protestant pastors formed the emergency pastors league 800 protestants were sent to concentration camps
catholic opposition
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atholics had to swear alliance to the Nazi regime and many youth groups and catholic schools were closed
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young people
swing youth
were a group of wealthy teenagers from big towns who admired American culture they smoked and drank and listened to jazz music even though the ss stated that anyone who listerned to jazz music would be beatern
edelweiss pirates
teenage boys and girls who hang around on street corners who had long hair and wore American clothing they hung around on street corners taunting and attacking members of the hitler youth
preventing Nazi opposition
each block of flats had a staircase ruler who reported anyone who complained about the government to the blockleiters
the gestarpo were part of the ss and had the power to spy on people read mail and tap phiones
all court judges had to swear an oath to hitler
the indoctrination of the young
hitler youth
was organised and run by the ss was aimed at making young people believe Nazi ideas and prepare them for a military carrer by 1935 it was compulsory
the league of german maidens
worked to teach how to become healthy mothers
school taught boys how to be perfect soilders wereas it taught girls to be perfect mothers
The persection of the jews and other social groups
kristallnacht
November 9th and 10th 20,000 jews were arrested and special places of the jewish people such as synagogues were set alight.8000 jewish owned shops were destroyes.some shops were guarded by police who prevented iteams from being stolen however inadequate policing lead to thousands of destroyed shops,Was a strong display of jewish hate and sent the terrible message that its okay to hate the jews
The Nuremburg laws stated that jewish people are not to be german citizens and that jews could not marry or have sexual relations with non jews
untermenschen
means sub humans this is what non aryans were seen as
Lebensraum
the need to invade other countries for extra living space
gypsies were tested for racial characteristics and if they failed the test they wee no longer german citizens and had all social benefits removed
Nazis believed that homosexuality lowered your moral standards
economic policy
the new plan 1934-1936
had a focus on rebuilding the economy set up by Schacht provided work by building autobahns reduced unemployment
the 4 year plan ran by goering and worked to prepare the economy for war wanting to create and autarky
strength through joy programs were set up to encourage pride in work
they caused the government to flee and invited the Kaiser to return
hugo hasse was an example of a politician killed
376 political murders from the 1919 to 1922
no air force was allowed no submarines were allowed
young plan reduced reparations from 6.6billion to 2 billion
under stressemans control education improved better housing was available ww2 vetrans were offered help