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政府失靈 (政府直接提供的無效率 (官僚結構所導致的僵化、無效率 (pervasiveness, selective importance,…

- - - - agent
      - principal
    - - adverse choice
        
        incentive
      - moral hazard
        
        governance
  - - - market mechanism
      - incentive
      - compulsory
      - non-market supply
      - insurance and cushion
  - - - 政策工具具有四種主要類型By Hood
        
        nodality
        
        authority
        
        treasure
        
        organization
      - 政策工具標準型分類By Schneider & Ingram
        
        authorities
        
        incentives
        
        capacities building
        
        symbolic and hortatory
        
        social learning
- - - - state capacity
      - policy subsystems
  - - - 小團體:基於人際監督、制約等因素採取集體行動
      - 大團體:因公共財非排他性衍生搭便車的投機行為而無法產生集體行動
  - - - 政策分析人員的立場
        
        objective technician
        
        client's advocate
        
        issue advocate
      - 政策分析人員的角色
        
        資訊蒐集者
        
        資訊分析者
        
        方案設計者
        
        方案推介者
        
        方案倡導者
    - - 議程設定模式
        
        outside initiative model By Cobb & Elder
        
        specificity
        
        social significance
        
        temporal relevance
        
        complexity
        
        categorical precedence
        
        inside initiative model By Cobb & Ross
        
        議題是由政府行動者所發起
        
        當議題擴散至社會中並獲得主要利益團體的支持
        
        將回流至政府議程中
        
        mobilization model By Davies
        
        催生
        
        散布
        
        進行
        
        議程形成四階段By Nelson
        
        議題認知
        
        議題採納
        
        排列議題優先順序
        
        議題維持
        
        多元能量流模式By Kingdon
        
        problem stream
        
        policy stream
        
        political stream
        
        policy entrepreneurs
    - - Traditional Delphi
        
        anonymity
        
        iteration
        
        controlled feedback
        
        statistical group response
        
        expert consensus
      - Policy Delphi
        
        selective anonymity
        
        computer conferencing
        
        informed multiple advocacy
        
        polarized statistical response
        
        structured conflict
- - - - Majoritarian Politics
      - Client Politics
      - Entrepreneurial Politics
      - Interest Group Politics
  - - - persuasion
      - bargaining
      - lobbying
  - - - Classical Elite
        
        The Iron Law of Olgarchy
      - Democratic Elitism
        
        over-head democracy
      - Radical Elite
        
        Iron Triangles