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Developmental Area (Bandura (Aim: See if children imitate aggression. To…
Developmental Area
Bandura
Aim: See if children imitate aggression. To see if there are gender differences in imitation of aggression.
Sample: Opportunity, 72 children from Stanford Nursery (USA). 36 boys & 36 girls, mean age of 4.5 yrs.
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Procedure: Children matched on aggression prior to being put in conditions. Gp 1: observed aggressive model (m/f) scripted behaviour towards bobo doll. Gp2: observed non-aggressive model (m/f). Gp3: no model (control group). 3IV's (behaviour of model, sex of pp, sex of model). Stage 2-mild aggression arousal. Stage 3-observation room.
Results: Children imitated models. Children who observed aggressive model was more aggressive. Imitated same sex models (girls imitated more verbal aggression from female models). Boys imitated more physical aggression. Qualitative= Comments made by children about gender and aggression.
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Chaney
Aim: A study of the effect of the Funhaler on measures of adherence to asthma medication in children.
Sample: 32 children, 10 male, 22 female, 1.5-6yrs, mean age 3.2 yrs, average duration of asthma 2.2 yrs, from Australia.
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Procedure: Standardised questionnaire completed by same parent after standard inhaler and after using funhaler for 2 weeks. Received one phone call during 2 weeks asking if they'd medicated their child the day before. Funhaler=spinner & whistle detached from the actual inhaler (didn't affect uptake)
Results: 81% gave funhaler previous day, compared to 59% standard. 80% gave recommended 4 doses compared to 50% standard.
Conclusion: Positive reinforcement can be used to improve adherence to asthma medication in children.
Kohlberg
Aim: To show how as young adolescents develop, they move through levels and stages of moral development. He also studied moral development in other cultures using hypothetical moral dilemmas.
Sample: Study 1: 75 American boys aged between 10-16 at start of study followed at 3 year intervals for 12 years. Study 2: Boys of other cultures including Great Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico, Turkey studied.
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Procedure: Study 1: 75 boys given 25 hypothetical moral dilemmas, e.g. Heinz dilemma. Stories were to determine each participant's level/stage of moral reasoning. Levels/stages: Pre-conventional (avoid punishment/rewards self), conventional (good-girl/boy-law), post-conventional (best for society/universal principles). Tested over 12 year period. Study 2: Carried out study in other cultures mentioned before.
Results: 50% of most people's thinking will be at a single stage, regardless of moral dilemma. Pp's also showed progress through stages one at a time and always in same order- children may move through these stages at different speeds. In US by age 16, stage 6 was rarely used. Mexico and Taiwan showed same results except development was slower.
Conclusions: Children's moral development develops as they mature. Not everyone will reach stage 6. Other cultures seem to develop slower.
Lee
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Sample: 120 Chinese children aged 7-11. 108 Canadian children aged 7-11 yrs. Male & Female pp's. China (collectivist)-emphasis on honesty, modesty and humbleness. Canadian Culture (individualistic)- emphasis on self-promotion and competition.
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Procedure: Half of the children participated in social story (deed directly affecting another child) and the other half in the physical story (deed involving only physical objects). The children were read 4 scenarios accompanied by illustrations: 2 prosocial (good deed-truth/lie) and 2 antisocial (bad deed- truth/lie). Asked two questions (rating scales) for each scenario.
Results: Chinese Children rate truth telling in prosocial situation as less positive and lie telling in same situation less negatively than Canadian children. Both Chinese and Canadian children show similar moral evaluations of lie telling and truth telling related to antisocial situations.
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Key Studies
Bandura, Chaney, Kohlberg, Lee
Debates
Unethical, Socially Sensitive, Usefulness