Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

SCHIZOPHRENIA :ghost: (CHARACTERISTIC (SYMPTOMS (disorganization…

- - - - failure to distinguish btw real & unreal experience
      - hallucination
    - - catatonia
      - psychogenic immobility; stupor
    - - disordered thinking
      - word salad
      - bizare behavior or abnormal movements
    - - problem paying attention
- - - - anitpsychotics act as DA receptor antagonist
        
        G-protein coupled receptors
        
        alter ion channel function/ voltage gate sensor
        
        monomeric; 7 transmembrane domain; metabotropic
        
        general steps
        
        1. signaling molecule bind to receptor
        
        2. activated G protein*
        
        G protein change conformation
        
        alpha subunit dissociate with beta and gamma subunit
        
        alpha sub bind to GTP gain affinity bind to the target protein
        
        3. intrinsic GTPase hydrolyze GTP to GDP, make the alpha unit lose affinity
        
        GAP: GTPase activity protein: promote hydrolysis
        
        GTPase activity is usually low
        
        4. beta and gamma subunit rejoin the alpha subunit to return to its original conformation
        
        different types receptors
        
        beta adrenergic - NE
        
        cAMP (step in order)
        
        second messenger
        
        cAMP is made from ATP by enzyme adenylyl cyclase
        
        to stop signaling, cAMP is converted to AMP by enzyme phosphodiesterase
        
        AMP target protein kinase A
        
        stimualate adenylyl cyclase
        
        increase protein phosphorylation
        
        increase cAMP
        
        mGluR - glutamate
        
        Dopamine D2 - dopamine - inhibit adenylyl cyclase
        
        decrease protein phosphorylation
        
        D1 subfamily
        
        members D1 & D5
        
        Gs
        
        increase cAMP
        
        D2 subfamily
        
        members D2, D3, D4
        
        Gi
        
        decrease cAMP
        
        3 subunits;
        
        heterotrimeric form
        
        block DA receptor
      - amphetamines & cocaine act to increase DA levels
      - risk factors in gene: polymorphism in COMT
        
        encode valine instead of methianine
        
        COMT is responsible for degrading DA
        
        decrease DA
        
        thinking: there might be compensation of DA produced
  - - - clozapine block this to treat SZ
      - modulate release of DA, NE, Glu, GABA, Ach in cortex, limbic system, striatum
- - - - mesocortical
        
        PREFRONTAL CORTEX
        
        PLANNING,
        
        INTEGRATING EMOTION & PERCEPTION
        
        REASONING
        
        COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
        
        DA hypoactivity
        
        treatment: increase DA
        
        negative symptoms cognitive affective
        
        ventromedial prefrontal cortex
      - mesolimbic
        
        hyperactive DA
        
        treatment: slow down DA neurotransmission
        
        postive symptoms
        
        nucleus accumbens
    - - decrease cortical areas (cognition)
      - increase nucleus accumbens (rewards & motivation)
  - - - clozapine have weaker anti-DA activity but better medications than typical antipsychotics
      - clozapine block 5HT 2A receptor
    - - make positive symptom worse
      - induce positive symptoms in healthy people