Grammar Third Unit

Passive Infinitives & Gerunds

Rule:

Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives following NEED

To be + participle

being asked + participle

Usually an infinitive follows need, insome circumstances, a gerund may follow by need

Using Verbs of Perception

Rule:

Certain verbs of perception are folloed by either the simple form or the "ing" form of the verb

Verbs:

See

Watch

Notice

Look at

Observe

Fear

Listen to

Feel

Smell

The use of the "ing" gives the idea that the activity is already in progress

Coordinating Conjunctions

And

But

Nor

Parallel Structure

One use of the coordinating conjunctions is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammarical function

Noun + and+ noun

Verb + and + verb

Adj + but + adj

Inf + or + inf

Paired Conjunctions

When two subjects are connected by not only... but also either... or, or neither... nor, the subject that is closer to the verb so the bern determines whether the verb is singular or plural

Structure

not only + noun+ but also + noun

either + noun + or + noun

both+noun + and+ noun

neither+ adjective + nor + adjective

Adverb Clauses

Adverb clauses are used to show relationships between ideas adverb clause, main clause

There are words that introduce adverb clauses

TIme

Cause & Effect

Contrast

Condition

After, before, when, while, as , as soon as, since, until, by the time, once, as, since, whenever, every time (that), the first time (that), the last time (that), the next time (that)

Because, Now that, since

Even though, Although, though. direct contrast, while

If, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, in case

Showing direct contrast: While

While is used to show direct contrast, a comma is often used even if the while-clause comes second. It also means "during that time".

Expressing conditions in adverb clause: If-Clause

It presents possible conditions. The main clause expressesresults and it is used in present tense

Shortened if clause

When an if- clause refers to the idea in the sentence inmediately before it, if is sometimes shortened

IF so

If not

Using whether or not & even if

Whether or not expressesthe idea that neither this condition nor that that condition matters

Sentences with even if are close in meaning to those with whether or not. Even if gives the idea that a particular condition does not matter