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Grammar Third Unit (Coordinating Conjunctions (Parallel Structure (One use…
Grammar Third Unit
Coordinating Conjunctions
And
Or
But
Nor
Parallel Structure
One use of the coordinating conjunctions is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammarical function
Noun + and+ noun
Verb + and + verb
Verb + and + verb
Adj + but + adj
Inf + or + inf
Using Verbs of Perception
Rule:
Certain verbs of perception are folloed by either the simple form or the "ing" form of the verb
Verbs:
See
Watch
Notice
Look at
Observe
Fear
Listen to
Feel
Smell
The use of the "ing" gives the idea that the activity is already in progress
Shortened if clause
When an if- clause refers to the idea in the sentence inmediately before it, if is sometimes shortened
IF so
If not
Passive Infinitives & Gerunds
Rule:
To be + participle
being asked + participle
Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives following NEED
Usually an infinitive follows need, insome circumstances, a gerund may follow by need
Paired Conjunctions
When two subjects are connected by not only... but also either... or, or neither... nor, the subject that is closer to the verb so the bern determines whether the verb is singular or plural
Structure
not only + noun+ but also + noun
either + noun + or + noun
both+noun + and+ noun
neither+ adjective + nor + adjective
Adverb Clauses
Adverb clauses are used to show relationships between ideas adverb clause, main clause
There are words that introduce adverb clauses
TIme
After, before, when, while, as , as soon as, since, until, by the time, once, as, since, whenever, every time (that), the first time (that), the last time (that), the next time (that)
Cause & Effect
Because, Now that, since
Contrast
Even though, Although, though. direct contrast, while
Condition
If, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, in case
Using whether or not & even if
Whether or not expressesthe idea that neither this condition nor that that condition matters
Sentences with even if are close in meaning to those with whether or not. Even if gives the idea that a particular condition does not matter
Showing direct contrast: While
While is used to show direct contrast, a comma is often used even if the while-clause comes second. It also means "during that time".
Expressing conditions in adverb clause: If-Clause
It presents possible conditions. The main clause expressesresults and it is used in present tense