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Elizabeth I (Social and Economic (Trade (Depression: cloth trade w/…
Elizabeth I
Social and Economic
Economic Problems
High mortality rates, bad harvests, high tax, cut in real wages, JPs and Royal Proclamations were insufficient, poor
Social discontent
Northern Rebellion 1569-70: mainly political and religious, linked to MQS, collapsed due to lack of organisation/leadership
Economic Policies
The Poor: 1563 Act = ineffective, 1572 Act, Poor Law Acts of 1576 and 1601 helped deserving poor and gave apprenticeships (in theory) to undeserving. Changed attitudes
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Regional Divisions
North: council of north was effective but north significantly poorer, border conflict
Wales: remained poor, border no longer a problem
Ireland: couldn't impose Protestantism on catholic country, Ulster uprising 1598
Golden Age
Literature: return of sonnets, Shakespeare and the Globe, Sidney=writer
Music: encouraged at court, flourished esp. secular music e.g. William Byrd
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Trade
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Prosperity: landowners benefitted from economic trends, new urban towns developed e.g. Manchester
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Religion
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The Catholic Threat
Catholic plots to instate MQS: Babington 1586 (had support of Philip II), Ridolfi 1571
1603: no longer a political issue, most accepted Church of England
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Penal laws: harsh laws against catholics, 1588 defeat of Spanish Armada reduced perceived catholic threat
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Government
Parliament
needed for poor laws and changes, Elizabeth always had the final say, some disagreement 1566 over marriage, mainly good, Spanish war- Elizabeth forced to rely on parliamentary subsidies so parliament had financial leverage
Privy Chamber
Important, woman so no male advisers = less central to gov. system
Privy Council
Early reign: no factional rivalry, worked well, Sir William Cecil and Robert Dudley = most prominent.
1590s: broke down, factional rivalry and discontent w/ Cecil and Essex
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Foreign Policy
Issues of succession: Philip of Spain = Catholic, Erik of Sweden = protestant
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Scotland
1558-64
MQS: reduced in influence, threat to throne
Intervention in 1559: reluctant, had to stop France from landing
Death of Henry II 1559: Francis II of France as successor, MQS husband so Catholic Guise power in france
1564-1601
MQS and the Catholic threat: moved to England 1567, 1571 Ridolfi, 1586 Babington
Execution of MQS 1587: martyr for catholic faith, pressure by Cecil, smooth accession for James
Relations with Spain
1570-85
1576 Netherlands uprising: rose up against Spanish army, favoured by Elizabeth
Annexation of Portugal 1580: strengthened Spanish power, Elizabeth supported portugese pretender = overtly anti-spanish
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1560s
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Netherlands: Elizabeth took money 1568 in storm, Philip II wanted to control Netherlands, P had Elizabeth's support
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France
1558-1564
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Hugenots and the loss of Calais: military pressure on French crown, two factions united against Elizabeth, loss of Calais long term money but bad propaganda
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