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Edward IV and Mary I (Religion (Obstacles Mary faced to restore…
Edward IV and Mary I
Religion
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Mary's religious changes
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1554
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Pole tried to reform chuches, increased number of priests etc
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Government
Parliament
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Mary: parliament rejected bill for her to marry Philip, frequently used (act of Repeal), Mary lacked control
Local Government
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Mary: Fundamentally unchanged, JPs continued
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Privy Council
Edward: Somerset as Lord Protector so by-passed council; Northumberland worked with council as Lord President of the Council- revival of conciliar gov.
Mary: ineffective, too large to function properly, factional rivalry, Mary lacked leadership to control
Social and Economic
Economic policies
Northumberland: coinage recalled, crown lands sold, sheep tax repealed in 1550, Treason act 1550 restored law and order, anti-enclosure legislation set up and commission ended, acts to protect arable farming
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Exploration
Northumberland encouraged trade route expansion, by 1553 ships travelled as far as west Africa, Cabot exploration Company 1552
The economy: problems
Somerset: inflation in first half of 16th century; rising population put strain on food prices, agriculture and wages; huge social problems from 1540s
Northumberland: social unrest, government had no money due to expensive Scottish war, poor harvests
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Rebellions
MARY: Wyatt's 1554: anti-Catholic, anti-spanish
SOMERSET: KETT's 1549: Norfolk, bad harvests and price rises, enclosure, economic discontent- Somerset was slow to react
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The poor
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Mary: enforced laws on grain holders, limited success
Somerset: 1548 sheep tax aimed to reduce enclosure; commission set up to look at legality of enclosure gave false hope to the poor and angered landowners
Foreign Policy
Brittany and France
Northumberland: ended war against France, had to return Boulogne which was financially better
Mary: Loss of callais 1558, war of 1557 due to pro-Spanish FP
Somerset: threat of war 1549= relations deteriorated, fear of invasion of England
Scotland
Somerset
Battle of Pinkie 1547: too expensive, France gained control of MQS and married her to the Dauphin 1548
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Northumberland: ended the war, removed garrisons = financially beneficial
Spain: Mary's marriage to Philip 1554 = public hostility, Pope Paul IV was fiercely anti-Spanish 1555