Edward IV and Mary I
Religion
Foreign Policy
Government
Social and Economic
Economic policies
Exploration
The economy: problems
Rebellions
The poor
Northumberland: poor law 1552 looked after deserving poor
Mary: enforced laws on grain holders, limited success
Somerset: 1548 sheep tax aimed to reduce enclosure; commission set up to look at legality of enclosure gave false hope to the poor and angered landowners
Somerset: inflation in first half of 16th century; rising population put strain on food prices, agriculture and wages; huge social problems from 1540s
Northumberland: social unrest, government had no money due to expensive Scottish war, poor harvests
Mary: bad harvests 1555-57; influenza outbreak 1557
Northumberland: coinage recalled, crown lands sold, sheep tax repealed in 1550, Treason act 1550 restored law and order, anti-enclosure legislation set up and commission ended, acts to protect arable farming
Mary: financial reforms
Northumberland encouraged trade route expansion, by 1553 ships travelled as far as west Africa, Cabot exploration Company 1552
MARY: Wyatt's 1554: anti-Catholic, anti-spanish
SOMERSET: KETT's 1549: Norfolk, bad harvests and price rises, enclosure, economic discontent- Somerset was slow to react
SOMERSET: WESTERN 1549: religious. Somerset was slow to react
Brittany and France
Scotland
Spain: Mary's marriage to Philip 1554 = public hostility, Pope Paul IV was fiercely anti-Spanish 1555
Northumberland: ended war against France, had to return Boulogne which was financially better
Mary: Loss of callais 1558, war of 1557 due to pro-Spanish FP
Somerset: threat of war 1549= relations deteriorated, fear of invasion of England
Somerset
Northumberland: ended the war, removed garrisons = financially beneficial
Battle of Pinkie 1547: too expensive, France gained control of MQS and married her to the Dauphin 1548
MQS: aggressive approach to endorse marriage w/ MQS
Impact of change on society
Obstacles Mary faced to restore Catholicism
Religious change under Northumberland
Religious change under somerset
Mary's religious changes
1553
1554
1547 Treason Act: removed censorship
1547 Act ended practice of masses for the dead
Moderate reformer, cautious
1549 Cranmer's book of common prayer = English bible but ambiguous
Roughly 280 protestants burned and exiled
Church restored to state of 1547
Clergy who had married could be denied of livings
Edwardian religious legislation repealed but legal status of church upheld (BwR)
Act of Supremacy 1555 made pope supreme head again
Pope Julius agreed not to claim church land back
Pole tried to reform chuches, increased number of priests etc
Heresy laws restored
Removal of alters and Calvinist services
1552 BCP removed remaining Catholic ceremonies
Radical changes
Cranmer's forty two articles 1553 was official P doctrine
Radical senior clergy
Edward wanted to destroy idolatry
BCP = radical
Continental reformers
Edward
Mary: burnt protestants and turned them into martyrs, Catholicism was accepted.
Catholicism re-adopted quickly under Mary in 1553
Charitable functions of monasteries were lost
Uncooperative public hampered pace of reforms (Hooper 1550)
People less inclined to leave money to parish churches
Traditional religious practices declined
Need to repeal reformist legislation
Shortness of reign
Reactions to persecution
Relied on parliament so this would mean accepting superiority of statute law over divine law
Married priests
Influences of church reformers
Protestant opposition in London
Lack of papal support
Ownership of former church lands
Parliament
Local Government
Privy Chamber
Regional Government
Privy Council
Edward: Somerset as Lord Protector so by-passed council; Northumberland worked with council as Lord President of the Council- revival of conciliar gov.
Mary: ineffective, too large to function properly, factional rivalry, Mary lacked leadership to control
Edward: similar
Mary: woman so males had less influence
Edward: called frequently to pass religious laws but NOT act of succession
Mary: parliament rejected bill for her to marry Philip, frequently used (act of Repeal), Mary lacked control
Edward: lord lieutenants appointed during social unrest were made permanent
Mary: Fundamentally unchanged, JPs continued
Edward: Nobility had to calm social tensions
Mary: Privy council passed laws aimed at controlling regions e.g. east anglia