Arrhythmias

Electrophysiology of the heart: Describe the normal sequence of cardiac activation and conduction and predict the consequence of its abnormalities.

Altered Impulse Formation and Conduction AND General Mechanisms of Tachyarrhythmias {ectopy and re-entry and Bradyarrhythmias {slow conduction and blockade}

Effect of rhythm disorders on heart pumping

Diagnosis of arrhythmias - Clinical symptoms/signs and auscultation AND ECG

7 Questions for each case: 1. Location of the electrical disturbance 2. Activation Pattern 3. Mechanism of arrhythmia 4. ECG recognition 5. Hemodynamic consequence 6. Key causes 7. Treatment in brief

Impulse Formation and Conduction

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Ionic Basis of Automaticity

Native and Latent Pacemakers

Overdrive Suppression

Electrotonic Interactions

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Alterations in Sinus NodeAutomaticity

Escape Rhythms

Enhanced Automaticity of Latent Pacemakers

Abnormal Automaticity

Triggered Activity

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Conduction Block

Unidirectional Block and

Reentry

Treatment Basis

BradyArrhythmias - Pharmacologic basis - Anticholinergics and beta-agonists, Temporary and permanent pacemakers

TachyArrhythmias - Antiarrhythmic drugs, carodti sinus massaga and cardioversion, defribillation and catheter ablation