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Disgust (CHALLENGES To disease avoidance (Late emergence: necessity of…

- - - - Late emergence (4-7 years old) cognitive sophistication required to appreciate idea of contamination
      - Cockroach in juice; sterilised cockroach placed into orange juice for children; will drink after it removed
    - - 4 Sexual behaviour (incest, beastiality)
      - 5 Body envelope violation (exposed intestines, gore & deformity)
      - 3 Body products (bowel movement, vomit)
      - 6 Contact with death (touching a corpse)
      - 2 Animals (cockroaches, maggots, rats)
      - 7 Poor hygiene (drinking from someone's glass)
      - 1 Food (drinking spoiled milk)
      - 8 Interpersonal contamination (strangeness, misfortune, disease, moral taint)
      - 9 Moral (hypocrites, ambulunce-chasing lawyers)
      - Demonstrate the expansion from distaste
  - - - No gape elicitors other than bad tastes; suggest disgust requires enculturation
- - - - TOOTHBRUSH SHARING: Postman>boss>weatherman>sibling>best friend>partner
      - FAECAL SMELLS, BODY ODOUR: stranger>close other>self
      - DOG FAECES IN YARD/ON SHOE: strange dog> own dog
        
        Mediated by physical care for dog (exposure) not attachment
      - BABY DOESN'T SMELL AS BAD AS YOURS
        
        Can mother modulate her disgust in order to care for her baby, whilst maintaining disgust to other disease threats?
        
        Study 2
        
        Used real disgust elicitors:
        
        Source: own vs other infant's diaper
        
        Label: blind vs correct label vs mislabelled
        
        Social desirability controlled
        
        Own baby preferred every time
        
        Odour quality may signal relatedness
        
        Consistent findings with disease avoidance: selectively lower disgust to self and close others
        
        Repeated exposure: selective habituation to odour
        
        Study 1
        
        Questionnaire: recalled diaper smell; preference for own babies
- - - - Children responses
        
        Animal (mealworm):
        
        Socio-moral (cougar): onset much later
        
        Core (sock/poo): very young even 2.5yr respond negatively
        
        DV: Avoidance, negative evaluations, disgust facial expressions
      - Findings
        
        Cognitive sophistication required: appreciate contamination
        
        Learning: parents made more disgust faces & sounds when child = younger
        
        Children who didn't understand contagion & conservation still showed appropriate responses to disgust elicitors: implicit disease avoidance mechanism
  - - - "only humans will reject food on the basis of where it might have been/touched"- ROZIN (disgust VS distaste)
      - Primates in wild > captivity
        
        Chimp keeper observation: Very keen to remove feces from body before eating/ect.
        
        Japanese Macaques: Potato washing beahviour
      - Experiment
        
        Emerging evidence for continuity
        
        Results
        
        Plastic poo: 29% ate wheat
        
        Real: 14% are wheat
        
        Plastic square: 65% ate wheat
        
        Some evidence; not as sensitive as humans
        
        Place piece of wheat on (a) real faeces (b) plastic imitation (c) square of plastic
  - - - After sexually aroused; men exposed to visual, tactile & audio stimuli
      - Consistent disease avoidance account; implications for risky sexual beahviour
      - Sexual arousal group = sex-related disgust LESS disgusting than other groups
      - YET did not differ from other groups rating disgust for non-sex related disgust stimuli
  - - - Involve disease avoidance
        
        Could represent avoidance of social pathogrens
        
        Link between experimentally induced disgust and harsher moral judgements
      - Problems
        
        Low correlation between moral disgust and other domains of disgust
        
        Moral disgust is different (less intense, increases with exposure, no reduction with age, intact in Huntington D)
        
        Studies: Poorly controlled/ confound core disgust elicitors with moral elicitors
        
        Equivalent negative control conditions (eg. anger or fear) are not given with disgust induction: feeling negative leads to harsher moral judgements
        
        Hard to seperate core disgust elicitors from immoral acts; "cousin incest", "eating your dog"