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Emotion (APPROACHES Many mini theories (Darwin (1872) (Apparent…

- - - - Has associated autonomic responses (eg. elevated HR, breathing changes) = last minutes
      - Recalled emotional events are typically of experiences that lasted a few minutes
      - Facial: 1-5 seconds
      - Moods (eg. feeling blue) last hours or days
    - - Specific people & event: clear sense of cause of anger
      - In contrast: irritable mood is not so easy to pin down to a cause
    - - Help with goals
        
        Fear: prompts fight/flight
        
        Disgust: keeps us safe, socially safe
        
        Anger: remedy perceived injustice
    - - Promote adaptive functioning within brief social interactions
        
        Anger: punishes others for violating social norms to be cooperative & kind
        
        Guilt: Keeps us in check when we threaten social bonds, value bonds
        
        Gratitude: rewards others for cooperative actions
        
        Embarrassment: Endearing
  - - - Autonomic nervous system
        
        Sympathetic ANS (fight & flight)
        
        Parasympathetic ANS (rest)
    - - Language (disgust --> moral disgust (powerful rejection))
      - Judgements
        
        Feelings as information: life satisfaction & weather
        
        Current emotional state informs judgement
    - - Involuntary muscles: difference between faked and real felt emotions
- - - - Describes courser emotions
        
        Tremble --> Feel afraid
        
        Cry --> Feel sorry
        
        Strike --> Feel angry
        
        Physiological arousal
      - 1) Perception 2) Motor reaction & visceral arousal 3) Emotional feeling
      - Objectless emotions: feelings but not sure of cause
      - "Peripheral" theories; emphasise autonomic nervous system, rather than CNS in generation of emotion
      - Groundwork for modern physiological work in emotion
    - - 1) Perception 2) Emotional Feeling 3) Bodily Changes
    - - Contorted a smile using a pen: felt happier
      - Importance of facial expressions: cause of happiness, positive emotion
      - Botox: paralyse facial muscles; only effect on mild emotional stimuli (some evidence)
  - - - Emotional reactions seems to be undifferentiated (subtle differences actually)
      - Physiological reactions often lag behind emotions (Fear THEN notice increase HR)
      - Spinal lesions in animals- emotional reactions persisted
    - - 1) Perception 2) Hypothalamic Arousal 3) Emotional Feeling + Bodily Changes
    - - Physiological approaches (James)
      - Neurological approaches (Cannon's CNS theory)
  - - - Humans standing up, bluffing
      - Very adaptive trait
    - - Blind individuals; produce same facial expressions
      - not learnt; tested those with no exposure to Western culture
  - - - Undifferentiated physiological arousal
      - Construal of the physiological arousal
      - Eg. too much coffee (jittery); anger towards flatmate
    - - IV 2: Adrenaline group: informed about true effect vs. other given no information
      - IV 3: Placed in waiting room with euphoric vs angry confederate
      - IV 1: Given injection of adrenaline VS placebo
      - Results
        
        not told; adrenaline
        
        Acted most like other confederates
        
        not told; placebo
        
        Acted moderately like confederate
        
        Adrenaline; informed
        
        Acted least like confederate (over-attributed)
      - Underlying process: (1) Immediate stimulus (injection), (2) Bodily response (arousal HR increase), (3) Appraisal of context (other person is irritating or funny), (4) subjective emotion (anger, euphoria)
    - - Zillman (1978)
        
        Exercise bike
        
        Cartoons = funnier, erotica = more positive
      - Storms and Nisbett (1970)
        
        Placebo described as stimulant given to insomniacs
        
        More likely to sleep; misattribute staying awake to pill