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The social self (SELF-CONCEPT (Development of the social self (Success…

- - - - Out-group members are similar to one another
      - Favour in-group
      - Random allocation to groups is sufficent
    - - Symbolic interactionism (Mead, 1934): sense of self is formed through human interaction (language & culture)
      - Spotlight effect
      - The looking glass self (Cooley, 1902): seeing ourselves as others see us
    - - Downward: feel better
      - Upward: feel worse
    - - Actual success improves confidence & SE
      - William James: Self-esteem = successes > pretensions
      - Contrasts to "unconditional affirmation" (baseless, has no feedback)
      - Wood et al. (2009) "I'm a loveable person"
        
        Those with low SE (IV) felt worse (DV) with positive self-statement condition (IV)
  - - - Life satisfaction when raining or sunshine (Schwarz & Clore, 1983)- Did not attribute
      - Misattribution of fear arousal to attractive girl; 50% on suspension bridge called for feedback vs 12% for same girl on low stable bridge (Dutton & Aron, 1974)
    - - Relationship longevity (couples overestimate this)
      - Others might be more accurate ABOUT us (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977)
      - Milgram's obedience, helping behaviour & influence of bystanders (Darley & Latane), conformity (Asch)
      - Kruger & Dunning (1999): Rated funniness of jokes
        
        Outcome showed: Perceived ability to recognise humour as a function of actual test performance
        
        Ignorant = believe you have greater ability
    - - Impact bias: overestimate enduring impact of emotion causing events (losing weight, winning lottery)
      - Important: make life decisions based on future happiness
      - Most lectures saw tenure as crucial to future happiness: however very little difference between those who got tenure or not (Wilson)
      - Future happiness (Brickman): Lottery winners 4.20/6, Para/quadriplegic 4.32/6
      - Why bad at affective forecasting?
        
        Underestimate psychological immune system (Discount, forgive, make attributions eg. which helps us deal with trauma)
        
        MINOR EVENTS= often have greater impact then life event; psychological immune system don't coming into play
  - - - Interplay between sense of self & social world
    - - "I" = stream of consciousness
      - "me" = object of perception
      - "I" can be aware of "me"
    - - Self-reference effect:Quicker at processing and better at remembering info relevant to self
      - Ideal self motivates us in the present
        
        Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987)
      - Self-schemas: eg. how we should behave depending on position in the family
- - - - Take credit for success and blame others for failure
      - View self as better than average
      - Eg. Safer drivers, live longer, more intelligent, better job performance, greater future wealth
    - - Tendency to view opinions and undesirable behaiours as "more typical" than reality
      - Eg. political opinions, smoking, speeding
    - - Tendency to underestimate commonality of our desirable behaviours
      - eg. musical ability
    - - Attentional bias (eg. availability of instances)
      - Subtle motivatonal influences
  - - - Indicator of inclusory status
      - Communicates us to notice and feel bad if we lose social connections
  - - - Threat condition: failure feedback from E about aptitude
      - Conversational dyads then ratings of partner
      - Increased rudeness, arrogance & unfriendliness in those with high SE
    - - Associated with self-deception (biases), aggression
      - Increases persistence, positive emotions