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IH TB6 The Rise of Modern China (1949 to 1976) (Initial Policies carried…
IH TB6 The Rise of Modern China (1949 to 1976)
Rise of Modern China
China was weak and unstable during late 19th century to early 20th century.
Cause
Civil War
Foreign invasion (Second-Sino Japanese War 1937-1945)
Revolutions
Background
China was politically unstable
Chinese civil war resume between Nationalists & Communists (1946-1949)
Nationalists lost
Retreat to Taiwan
Communists won
Declare establishment of People's Republic of China (October 1 1949)
Factors leading to triumph of Communists & defeat of nationalists
Factor 2: Nationalists did not receive supports from majority of China population.
Reasons
Influenced restricted in cities
Lost support of US
Unpopular in most or the country
Factor 3: Nationalist gov. was corrupted and unpopular with the poor.
Reasons
Gov. officials were only concerned with their own wealth.
Most of the money & resources were taken away
Factor 1: Peasants in countrysides and lower class supported communists, communists control country side.
Resons
Communists had more control of China
Communists used villages & rural area to blockade cities & surround cities
Factor 4: Many soldiers from nationalists defected to communist in the civil war.
Reasons
KMT soldiers switch sides, taught communists to use weapon.
KMT nearly won in 1936
However, when they surrounded communists, Japanese arrived...
KMT was supported by US in civic war, had more & better equipment then.
After WW2, strength of Nationalists reduced.
Summary
Communists Party
Leader: Mao Ze Dong
Supported by peasants / farmers / lower class
Area controlled: Country side
Strength: Supported by country side & most of China's population.
Weakness: Less financial power & support also Poor equipment
Nationalists Party
Leader: Chiang Kai Shek
Area controlled: Major cities / urban areas
Weakness: Corruption / Low morale in military / Very few support, only control cities
Strength: Financial supports from US / Better equipment and soldiers
Supported by businessman / factory owners / middle class
Initial Policies carried out by People's republic of China
Agricultural reforms
Policies
Land confiscated from landlords
Land redistributed to peasants
Resultls
Landlord confiscated of land and arrested for trial as mistreated the peasants.
Collectives *Large piece of land combined by small farms
Policies
Land owned by different peasants combine to form large collective
Peasants work together in same piece of land.
Peasants work in collective farms to raise food production
Land jointly owned by peasants, controlled by communists.
Results
Peasants with more land & wealth don't want to give up land.
Social Reforms
Policies
Women's rights
New marriage law
Women encouraged to work in factories & villages
Free health care
Education
Taught communism to villagers
Sent people to village to teach peasants & villagers how to read & write
Results
90% China population was literate by mid 1960s
Offer women more rights, have more freedom & rights in marriage
Free access to health care
Industrial reforms
Policies
Factory managers can keep companies, but need to follow production targets set by communists.
Resultts
Factories & industries under communists control.
5 Year Plan
Women
Benefits
Equal opportunities
Free to choose work & study, more rights
Negative
Wage gap
Less promotion or social mobility
Landlord
Negative
Landlord arrested & killed
Landlords given show trial
Peasants
Benefits
Land redistribution
Healthcare & education in rural areas
Land lord killed
No more oppression
Negative
Rich peasants had land taken
Factory owner
Benefits
Did not suffer much presecution
Need to produce for country
Negative
Strict control from party
Follow production quotas
State: Owner Enterprise
The Great Leap forward (1958-1962)
Reforms
People's communes
Each commune controlled by party member, provide gov. crops.
Result: False reports or agriculture revolution.
Peasants grouped together to work in collectives, shared dormitories & eat together in communes.
Result: During poor harvest, commune give crops to gov.
Farming Methods
Mao order peasants to kill sparrows & pests
Collectives had to provide crops to gov.
Peasants farm in collectives.
Crops eaten by pests (locusts)
Peasants had low incentives to work.
Steel production
Gov. order farmer to make steel using backyard furnace.
China wanted to surpass UK & US in 15 years
Result: Steel produced in bad quality, although produce a lot.
Why Mao increase China's industrial output after 5 - year plan?
Mao believed projects in 5 year plan is not enough, therefore want citizens to get involve in boosting industrial project.
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
People involved
Red guards
Extreme supporter of Mao.
Destroyed 4 olds: Customs, traditional, culture, ideas.
Political opponents
Prosecuted
Cause
Worry Chinese culture and traditional ruling were ruining China.
Believed that China could advance by destroying tradition.
Have China follow the correct path of communists country.
Impact