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Part 5: How Science Works (Science (Is systematic observation,…
Part 5: How Science Works
Science
Is systematic observation, identification, description, empirical investigation and theoretical explanation of phenomena.
Cause & effect
Investigation of causal relationship, i.e. when a change in one variable results in a change in another variable. IV causing change in the DV.
Falsifiability
Being able to demonstrate something not the case (theories can be disproved). i.e. hypothesis is false.
Replicability
Being able to repeat an original procedure in exactly the same way.
Objectivity
Taking an unbiased view not affected by personal viewpoint, so should be factual and consistent between different researchers.
Induction
Scientific method using observations to generate testable hypotheses, developed into theories.
Deduction
Scientific method starting by developing theories/hypotheses and testing them by 'observation'.
Hypothesis Testing
Making predictions about behaviour and testing them in controlled conditions.
Manipulation of variables
To test a hypothesis IV and DV must be manipulated/measured.
Control of Variables
Essential so extraneous variables don't affect the DV, reducing validity of study.
Standardisation
Use of set of procedures for conducting a study/collecting data.
Quanitifiable measures
Collecting numerical data to help ensure that DV is being assessed in objective way.