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19.The Atmosphere ((Weather;
daily conditions; not climate.
7…
19.The Atmosphere
- Weather;
- daily conditions; not climate.
- 7 characteristics.
- Wind speed
- Anemometer; 3 cups.
- km/ hr.
- Beafort scale; scale of damage observed; 1-12.
- Wind direction
- Wind vane; rotating arrow.
- NSEW.
- Temperature
- Thermometer; glass rod with mercury.
- Celsius/ Fahrenheit
- Isotherms.
- Maximum/ minimum thermometer; glass rod with mercury and a pin.
- Atmospheric pressure
- Barograph.
- Milibars.
- Isobars.
- Rainfall
- Rain gauge.
- mm.
- Isohyets.
- Sunshine
- Campbell stokes sunshine recorder: glass sphere.
- hrs/ day.
- Isohels.
- Humidity
- Amount of water vapor in the air.
- Hygrometer; combination of bulbs.
- Percentage.
- Ocean currents occur due to;
- Differences in temperature;
- water expands in some places; causes a slope.
- Earth on an axis.
- Wind.
- Warm currents; Flow from the equator.
- Cold currents; Flow from poles.
- Labrador current;
- Cold.
- Flows south from Arctic Ocean.
- Passes Greenland, Canada, north-east USA.
- Brings ice and coastal fog.
- North Atlantic Drift
- Warm.
- Originates from Gulf Stream.
- Flows north-east from Gulf of Mexico.
- Passes Western Europe coast.
- Raises the temperature of Ireland, Scotland and Norway.
- Brings a mild climate and rainfall.
- Canaries Current
- Cold.
- Flows south.
- Passes West African coast.
- Winds that blow over it, lose their moisture; bring little rainfall to Sahara.
- Cloud; collection of tiny water droplets.
- Water vapour rises, expands, cools; condenses into droplets; becomes a cloud.
- Stratus;
- Below 2,000 m.
- Flat sheets.
- Grey layer across the sky.
- Cumulus:
- Below 5,000 m.
- Fluufy balls of cotton.
- Flat on the bottom.
- Heavy showers/ warm weather.
- Cirrus
- Above 8,000 m.
- Wispy.
- Thin ice crystals because they're so high.
- Water cycle
- Evaporation.
- Condensation.
- Precipitation.
- Run off.
- Convectional rain
- Ground heated by sun.
- Air rises and condenses; expands.
- Forms cloud; becomes saturated.
- Precipitates.
- Possible thunder/ lightning.
- Ireland and the tropics.
- Cyclonic/ frontal rain
- 2 air masses meet.
- Causes a front.
- Lighter air is forced to rise.
- Condense into a cloud..
- Frontal rain; variety of clouds.
- Moderate to heavy rainfall.
- Happens everywhere.
- Relief rainfall
- Prevailing winds pick up moisture from the sea.
- Wind reaches coast.
- Crawls up coastal mountains.
- Cools, condenses into cloud.
- Rains.
- Air drops again on other side; not much rain on that side ; rain shadow.
- West of Ireland.
- Atmosphere;
- 78% nitrogen
- 21% oxygen
- 1% other
- Protects us from the sun.
- 480 km thick;
- Ozone layer (top) 20 km
- Stratosphere 25 km
- Tropopause
- Troposphere 5 km
- How the earth is heated
- 25% absorbed by gases.
- 25% reflect out.
- 50% absorbed by earth.
- Uneven distribution
- Poles are further away.
- Rays are not as strong.
- Equator; more concentrated; hotter.
- Wind; movement of air over the earth.
- Corriolus effect; earth on axis; forms direction of winds.
- Winds are deflected to their right in the northern hemisphere.
- Winds are deflected to their lefts in the southern hemisphere.
- Cold air; low pressure; sinks;
-> blows to
- warm air; high pressure; rises.
- Winds are named after the area they originate.
- Most frequent wind in an are; prevailing.
- Winds that blow from the equator; warm.
- Winds that blow from the poles; cold.
- Doldrums
- Areas close to the equator where the wind is weak or has died out.
- Belts
- Winds that blow in-between other winds.
- Air masses
- Large moving pocket of air.
- Maritime air masses; rainfall.
- Continental; dry.
- Polar; cold.
- Tropical; warm.
- Irish air masses
- Polar maritime.
- Arctic.
- Polar continental.
- Tropical continental
- Tropical maritime.
- Fronts
- Where a warm and cold air mass meet.
- Cold front;
- cold air pushes the warm air up; warm air condenses into rail cloud.
- Warm front;
- warm air replaces cold air; rise; condenses; forms big, flat clouds.
- Occluded front;
- Where warm air takes over cold air or vice versa; brings changeable weather.
- Anticyclones
- High pressure.
- Dry sunny weather.
- Air descends and gets warmer.
- Able to hold more water; no clouds.
- Isobars are well spaced.
- Light winds.
- Winds blow clockwise.
- Depression
- Low pressure.
- Cloudy and rainy.
- Air ascends and cools.
- Cannot hold moisture; clouds.
- Isobars are close together.
- Strong winds.
- Winds blow anticlockwise.
- Global warming
- Causes;
- Burning fossil fuels.
- Deforestation.
- Cars.
- Aersols.
- Effects.
- Ice caps melt.
- Sea levels rise.
- Floods.