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Biology Revision notes (Human Body (Lungs (Capacity (Vital capacity is the…
Biology Revision notes
Human Body
Lungs
Trachea( wind pipe),
Larynx (voice box)
Rings of cartilage
Right and left lung
Bronchus
Brinchioles
Intercostal muscles
Sternum
Diaphragm
Alveioli
Where gas exchange takes place
When the air come into the alveoli sacs the concentration of oxygen is higher than that of CO2. The oxygen diffuses into the blood to allow the cells to respirate using oxygen. When the air is exhaled the concentration of CO2 is higher that O2
When the diaphragm contracts and moves down the pressure in your thorax decreases while the air in you lungs decreases. If you are short of breath your intercostal muscles lift you ribs up to take in more oxygen. When you exhale the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles relax which lets the waste carbon dioxide out. During this time the pressure in your thorax increases.
Thorax (chest area)
Smoking
Destroys the alveoli
More chance of getting lung cancer
Capacity
Vital capacity is the amount of air you breathe out
Total lung capacity is how much air you lungs can hold
If you breathe out you entire vital capacity you automatically breathe in again. This is call expiratory reserve volume.
respiration
Yeast
Glucose ------> Ethanol and Lactic acid
Humans
Aerobic
Glucose + Oxygen --------> Carbon Dioxide and Water
Anaerobic
Glucose ------> Lactic acid
Takes place in mitochondria
Energy requirement
Basel Metabolic Rate (BMR) + Physical Activity Level (PAL) = energy requirement for the day
Teeth
Herbivore, No sharp canines
Omnivore, Small canines and molars
Carnivore, Sharp canines
Enamel, Dentine, pulp cavity, thin enamel, gum, jaw bone, cement, fibres, blood vessel, sensory nerve
Digestion
Oesophagus
Carries food, liquid and saliva from the mouth to the stoamch
Liver
Creates protiens fro blood clotting, makes bile and Detoxifies chemical and Metabolises drugs
Mouth
Starts to break down food and creates saliva with special enzyme in it
Gall bladder
Stores and concentrates bile created by the liver
i have a problem with my gall bladder
Small intestine
Absorbs nutrients and minerals from food
Large intestine
Absorb water from indigestible foods
Appendix
Stores Bacteria
Stomach
Hods HCL to break down food
Rectum
Stores feces
Anus
Opening where waste comes out
Balanced diet
Protein
Repair broken tissue
Carbohydrate
Digested into Glucose (gives us energy)
Fat
Excess causes raised cholesterol (which causes heart problems)
Muscles
Antagonistic pairs
Biceps and Triceps
When one contracts the other relaxes
Blood
Platelets
Clot up cuts
Red blood cells
Carries oxygen to cells
White blood cells
Destroy microorganisms
Keep body warm
Transport Nutrients, proteins, hormones, etc. to cells
The nervous system
Nervous system
Sends electrochemical impulses to transfer signals
Pain
Hormonal system
Sends hormones to transmit instructions around the body
Adrenalin
The eyes
Retina
Converts light energy into signals
Vitreous Humor
Keeps shape
Cornea
Focus' entry of light into the eye
Iris
Lets light through
Scalera
Forms supporting wall on the eye
Optic nerve
Carries the 'image' to your brain
Lens
Magnifies image
The ear
Sound waves hit the eardrum and it vibrates
This moves the tiny bones in the ear, ossicles, malleus, incus stapes
The stapes 'knocks' the membrane of the cochlea (oval window) and makes the fluid in the cochlea move
Then the auditory nerve and facial nerve receive theses chemical signal which are sent to the brain to process
i have done a detailed version in science notes BTW
Plants
Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Light + Glucose--------> Oxygen and Water
Reasons for increased rate of Photosynthesis
Higher concentration of CO2
More sunlight /light intensity
Higher temp
Chemical reactions happen quicker when it is hotter
Leaf adaptation
Cactus
Leaves are spikes to prevent being eaten
Carniverous
Attracts fly's to gain extra nitrogen
Crocodile plant
Has lots of baby plants
Reproduction
Seeds develop in the ovary
Anther makes pollen
Pollen (transported by bees and other like animals) hits the stigma like sperm and it creates seeds that plants grow from