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The Brain and Behavior Ch. 4 (The Nervous System (Central Nervous System …
The Brain and Behavior Ch. 4
The
Nervous System
body's
Control Center
made up by
2 kinds
of
cell
:
Neurons
Functional Building block
86 Billion
3 types:
Sensory
carry
Input msg
from
Sense Organs
to
Spinal Cord and Brain
Motor
send
Output impulses
from
Brain and Spinal Cord
to
Muscles and Organs
Interneurons
Connective and Associative Functions
Synapses
600
Synapses each
Connections sites
btw neurons
Glial cells
Support
&
Supply
hold neurons in Place
Make Nutrients
Peripheral Nervous System
All
Neural Structures
Outside
the
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheric
to the Brain and Spinal Cord
mostly
Sensory
and
Motor Neurons
Somatic
Nervous System
Somatic
= "of the
Body
"
(
Voluntarily Moving
the
Body**
)
Sensory
and
Motor Neurons
that
Control
our
Voluntary Movements
Voluntary Muscle Activation
Autonomic
Nervous System
Activates
Autonomously
,
w/out Intention
Sense body's Internal Functions
and
Controls Glands
and
Involuntary Muscles
Involuntary Muscles
that form:
Heart
Blood Vessels
Lining of Stomach and Intestines
Involuntary Functions
:
Respiration
Blood Circulation
Digestion
Involved in
Higher Functions
:
Motivation
Emotional Behavior
Stress Responses
Sympathetic / Parasympathetic
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Central Nervous System
Brain
2% Body Weight
25% Oxygen and 70% Glucose
White Matter
on the
Inside
made up by
Axons
that
Connect
diff.
Brain Areas
to
Spinal Cord
Grey Matter
on the
Outside
made up by
Cell Bodies
of Neurons
Spinal Cord
Spinal Reflexes
Stimulus-Response
that involves
Only
it,
and
Not
the
Brain
where most
Neurons Enter and Leave
(the
Central Nervous System
)
Neurons
3
main
parts
:
Dendrites
Receiving Units
Collect Msgs
from
other Neurons
and
Send
them to the
Cell Body
Cell Body
Incoming info
rmation from all Dentrides is
Combined
can be also Stimulated Directly on its Surface
Axons
conduct
Electrical Impulses
away
from
the
Cell Body
to
other
Neurons
,
Muscels
or
Glands
at its End there are
many
Axon Terminals
Myelin Sheath
Fatty Insulation Layer
Nodes of Ranvier
(Shape like
Sausages
)
Neurons
Conduct
the Impulse
Faster
Nerve Activation
3 steps:
Resting Potential
when Stimulated Enough:
Action Potential
Resting Potential
Restored
Nerve Impulse
Graded Potential
changes
in Negative Resting Potential
that do
Not
reach -50 mv
Action Potential Treshold
Resting Potential
maintained potential
Absolute Refractory Period
Period
in wh
the Membrane is
Not Excitable
Upper Limit
on
Rate
of
Nerve Impulses
in Humans:
300 per s
Action Potential
Electrical Shift
from -70 mv to +40 mv (Inside the Axon)
How Neurons Communicate
(Synaptic Transmission)
Synaptic Cleft
Gap
btw
Axon Termina
l and
Next Neuron
Neurotrasmitter
Chemical Substance
that Carry Msgs
across
the
Synaptic Cleft
Chemical Communication
5
steps:
Synthesis
Trasmitter Molecules are Formed
Storage
in Synaptic Vescicles,
chambers inside the Axon
Release
move from Pre- to Postsynaptic Membranes
Binding
to Receptor Sites (in the Postsynaptic M.)
2 possible Effects:
Excitatory
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Inhibitory
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Deactivation
if Not Deactivated,
Continue to Excite/Inhibit
Either:
Re-Uptake
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Broken Down
by
other Chemicals
in the
Synaptic Cleft
Unlocking the Secrets of the Brain
The Hierarchical Brain
(Structures and Behavioral Functions)
Hemispherica Lateralization
(the Left and Right Brains)
Plasticity in the Brain
(the Role of Experience and the Recovery of Function)
the Nervous Systema Interacts w the Endocrine and Immune Systems
