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Biology and Behaviour (Organization of the Brain (Forebrain (Thalamus,…

- - - - Parasympathetic
      - Sympathetic
- - - - CNS
        
        F: linked to attention and arousal
      - PNS
        
        F: transmit nerve impulses to the muscles
    - - F: play an important role in the experience of emotion
      - F: control alertness and wakefulness
      - F: primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system - they promote fight or flight response
      - Norepinephrine - commonly acts at a local level as neurotransmitter
      - Epinephrine - secreted from the adrenal medulla and acts systematically as hormone
      - low level oof norepinephrine is associated with depress - high lvel is associated with anxiety
    - - F: plays an important role in movement and posture
      - High concentration in basal ganglia
      - Disease - schizophrenia
        
        dopamine hypotthesis of schizohrenia
        
        too much dopamine in the brain
        
        oversensistivity to dopamine in the brain
        
        Does not count for all findings
        
        symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, agitations
      - Disease - parkinson's disease
        
        associted with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia
        
        disruptions of dopamine transmission leads to SYMPTOMS: resting tremors and jerky movements and postural instability
    - - Classified as monoamine or biogenic amine neurotransmitters
      - F: regulate mood, eating, sleeping and dreaming
      - F: like norepinephrine serotonin is thought to play a role in depression and mania
        
        Oversupply -> manic states
        
        Undersupply -> depression
    - - GABA or gamma-aminobutyric acid
        
        F: produce inhibitory post synaptic potentials
        
        F: stabilize neural activity in the brain
        
        F: cause hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
      - Glutamate
        
        one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids
        
        acts as a neural transmitter in the NS
        
        in contracst to glycine - is an excitatory neurotransmitter
      - Glycine
        
        One of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids
        
        Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS by incrasing chloride infllux into the neuron
        
        hyperpolarizes the postsynamptic memberane - similar to function of GABA
    - - Synaptic action of these neuromodulators contains a more complicated chain of events in the postsynaptic cell than that of regular neurotransmitters
      - Are slow and therefore have relatively a slow effect on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters
      - Endorphine are the most important peptide we know of
        
        it is a natural painkiller produced by brain
        
        effect of endoprphine and their relative enkephalin --> similar to morphine or other opioids in the body
  - - - it is slower than the nervous system because hormones travel in blood
    - - regulates the hormonal function of pituitary gland
        
        the hypothalamus and pituitary glands are close to eacher
        
        control is done through endocrine release of hormones in the hypophseal portal system - that connects the two organs
    - - located base of brain
      - two parts
        
        anterior
        
        F: release hormones that regulate activity of endocrine glands - it is controlled by the hypothalamus
        
        posterior
      - these glands secrete certian hormones into blood which in turn to other endocrine gland and activate them
    - - located on top of the kidney
      - two types
        
        adrenal medulla
        
        F: release epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of the sympathetic nervous system
        
        adrenal cortex
        
        F: produce hormones called corticosteroids (includes the stress hormone cortisol)
        
        F: contribute to sexual functioning by producing sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen
    - - F: sex glands in the body
        
        ovaries in females
        
        testes in males
        
        produce sex hormones in high concenteration (testostrone for male and estrogen for females)
        
        increase libido, contribute to mating behaviour and sexual function
        
        higher level of testostrone -- increase aggressive behavior
  - - - Innate behaviour
        
        Heredity, genetically programmed
      - Learned behaviour
        
        through environment and experience
    - - the extent a trait or behaviour has help positively benefit specieis by influencing revolutionary fitness of the species
    - - Family studies
        
        look at same family members and see if there is a higher chance of a particular trait
        
        cannot distinguish between environmental factors and genetic given that they can both be similar
        
        assume that same family members have genetic similarity
      - Twin studies
        
        monozygotic twin
        
        almost 100% same genertic material
        
        Dygotic twin
        
        share 50% of the genetic material
        
        assumption is that if any difference is found it is due to the different environmental conditons
      - Adoptation studies
        
        biological relatives and adopted child to similarities between adopted relatives and adopted chaild
        
        ex. it has been found that IQ of adopted child is more similar to the biological parent's IQ, similarly the tendency to do criminal behaviour
- - - - When ectoderm which is right above the notochord forms folds righ above the notocord creating a neural groove and neural folds
      - Neural crest: cells at the leading edge of the neural fold
        
        Migrate throughout the body to form disparate tissues like dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) and calcitonin-producing cells
    - - Alar plate
        
        Become sensory neurons
      - Basal plate
        
        Become motor neurons
    - - Prosencephalon
        
        Metencephalon
        
        Myelencephalon
      - Mesencephalin
      - Rhombencephalon
        
        Telencephalon
        
        Diencephalon
    - - Virus and bacteria that can cross placenta
      - Drugs prescriebd to mom can hurt the baby
      - Environmental conditions such as mom that is smoking or consumes alcohal can have adverse effects
  - - - Rooting reflex - turning the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek
      - Sucking and swallowing when an object is placed in the mouth is another feeding reflex
      - Moro reflex - when the baby reacts to abrupt movement of their head by flinging out their arm, retracting arms and crying - normally disappears after 4 months
      - Babinski reflex - toe spread apart when the sole of the foot is simulated
      - Grasping reflex - holding on to whatever is placed into baby's fingers
    - - Gross
      - Fine
  - - - Fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals - develops at about 7 months
    - - Fear of being separated from the parental figure - develops at about a year
    - - At age 2 can play in parallel with another 2 year old without influencing each other
      - At age 3 the child is aware of their gender and engages in gender specific play